The Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline, by John Henderson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline with Notices, Notes and Complete Vocabulary Author: John Henderson Release Date: March 31, 2008 [EBook #24967] Language: Latin Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST ORATION OF CICERO - CATILINE *** Produced by Louise Hope, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. [This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real" (unicode/utf-8) version of the file. Greek words have been transliterated and shown between +marks+. Macrons ("long vowel" marks) are shown as circumflex accents, which do not occur elsewhere. Breves ("short vowel" marks, used only in the Vocabulary and a few Notes) have been "unpacked" and shown as [)e]: s[)e]nātūs Boldface text is shown between =marks=. Those sections of the text that use the equals sign = do not contain boldface words. In this Latin-1 file, boldface markup has also been omitted from the Names section. The Oration appears twice in the e-text. The second version, immediately before the Errata, is given in "stripped-down" form, omitting all [2]note references.] Classical Text-Book Series FIRST ORATION of CICERO AGAINST CATILINE with Notices, Notes And Complete Vocabulary. by =JOHN HENDERSON, M.A.= TORONTO: The Copp Clark Company, Limited, Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, by THE COPP CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, Toronto, Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. CONTENTS [added by transcriber] Preface Cicero: I. Life of Cicero II. Life of Catiline III. Chronology of the Conspiracy IV. Summary of first oration FIRST CATILINARIAN ORATION Notes Proper Names Vocabulary PREFACE. It has been the aim of the Editor to explain what seemed to him difficulties in the text. There are many points which might have been noted, but which a judicious teacher will supply in the ordinary class work. References are made to the standard grammars of Zumpt, Madvig, Harkness, Allen and Greenough. LIFE OF CICERO. I. [Sidenotes: Birth. --Removes to Rome, 92 B.C. --Early teachers. --Early works. --Assumes the toga virilis 89 B.C. --Serves his first campaign, 88 B.C. --Studies philosophy. --Pleads his first cause pro Quinct. --Goes to Athens, Asia, and Rhodes. --Returns home. --Elected quaestor of Sicily. --Indicts Verres, 70 B.C. --Elected aedile, 69 B.C. --Praetor, 66 B.C. --His first political speech. --Pro lege Manilia, 65 B.C. --Consul, 63 B.C. --Unpopularity of Cicero. --Causes of Exile. --Deserted by the Triumvirs. --Goes into exile, 58 B.C. --Recall, 51 B.C. --Elected Augur, 53 B.C. --Proconsul, 52 B.C. --Sides with Pompey. --Pharsalia, 48 B.C. --Pardoned by Caesar. --Gloom. --His Philippic Orations. --Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus form the second triumvirate. --Killed at Caieta, 43 B.C.] =Marcus Tullius Cicero=, the greatest name in Roman literature, was born near Arpinum, a town of Latium, January 3rd, 106 B.C. His father, a man of large views and liberal culture, belonged to the _equites_, and possessed an hereditary estate in the neighbourhood of the town. To give his sons, Marcus and Quintus, that education which could not be obtained at a provincial school, he removed to Rome, where the young Ciceros were placed under the best teachers of the day. From Aelius they learned philosophy; from Archias, the mechanism of verse, though not the inspiration of poetry. A translation of the _Phaenomena_ and _Prognostics_ of Aratus, and a mythological poem on the fable of _Pontius Glaucus_ were the first fruits of Cicero's genius. On assuming the _toga virilis_, B.C. 89, Cicero attached himself to the jurist Scaevola, who was then in the zenith of his fame. In the following year he served a brief campaign in the Social War under Cn. Pompeius Strabo, the father of Pompey the Great. Philosophical studies had, however, more attractions for him than arms. Under Philo, the Academic, and Diodotus, the Stoic, he laid the foundation of that Eclecticism which is so observable in his philosophical works. At the age of 25 he pleaded his first cause, and in the following year he defended Sextus Roscius of Ameria, who had been accused of parricide by Chrysogonus, one of Sulla's favourites. In this cause he acquired the acquittal of his client, but incurred the enmity of the dictator. With the ostensible object of regaining his health he went to Athens, where he studied philosophy under Antiochus, the Academic, and under Zeno and Phaedrus, both Epicureans. From Athens he travelled through Asia Minor and finally settled for a short time at Rhodes, attending there the lectures of Molo, the rhetorician. Returning home, he at once entered on that political career to which his commanding ability destined him, and was elected _quaestor_ of Sicily. During his term of office he so endeared himself to the inhabitants of the island by his integrity that they selected him as their patron at Rome. In their behalf he subsequently conducted the prosecution against Verres, who was charged with extortion. His success in this cause, and his consequent popularity, procured him the office of _curule aedile_. After the usual interval he was chosen _praetor_, and, while holding this office, delivered the first of his political harangues, in defence of the bill proposed by C. Manilius to invest Pompey with supreme command in the Mithradatic War. Two years afterwards he gained the _consulship_, the goal of his ambition. His consulate is memorable for the bold attempt of Catiline to subvert the government--an attempt which was frustrated by the patriotic zeal of the consul. Cicero had quickly soared to the pinnacle of fame: as quickly did he fall. In crushing the conspiracy of Catiline questionable means had been employed. Clodius, his implacable enemy, revived a law exiling all who had been guilty of putting to death Roman citizens without a formal trial before the people. The Triumvirs, too, were disgusted with the vanity of the man who was constantly reminding the people that he was the "Saviour of Italy" and the "Father of His Country." Deserted by his friends, and exposed to the hatred of his foes, Cicero went to Thessalonica into voluntary exile. The wanton destruction of his villas and the insults offered to his wife and children soon, however, produced a feeling of sympathy for the exiled orator. His return to Rome was attended with all the pomp and circumstance of a triumphant general. Henceforth his voice was little heard in the Senate. After his return he was appointed to a seat in the _College of Augurs_. In obtaining this office he had placed himself under obligations to both Pompey and Caesar, and this may account for his neutrality in the civil struggles of the time. He was subsequently appointed, much against his will, proconsul of Cilicia, where his administration was marked by the same integrity as he had displayed in Sicily. Cicero arrived in Italy from Cilicia on the 4th of January, B.C. 49, just after the breaking out of the civil war between Pompey and Caesar. After some hesitation he decided to take the part of Pompey, but his support was never cordial: it was a source of weakness rather than of strength. When the battle of Pharsalia decided the fate of the Roman world, he returned to Brundisium to await the arrival of the victorious Caesar, who generously extended a full and frank pardon to the vacillating orator. Cicero from this time withdrew from active public life and devoted himself to philosophy, except during the period immediately preceding his death. The loss of his daughter Tullia, the divorce of his wife Terentia, and the unhappy marriage with Publilia darkened the gloom which settled on his declining years. His high exultation on the assassination of Caesar was of only momentary duration, and was succeeded by dark forebodings of Marc Antony's designs. As soon as the plans of the scheming triumvir were evident, Cicero attacked Antony's character with all the powers of invective. Again he was the idol of the people and the champion of senatorial rights, but his popularity was only the last gasp of the dying liberties of Rome. The second triumvirate was formed, and each member of it sacrificed his friends to glut the vengeance of his colleagues; and to appease the brutal Antony, Cicero was sacrificed by Octavianus. Refusing to seek refuge in exile, he determined to die in the land he had saved, and was slain at Caieta by the emissaries of the bloodthirsty triumvir. [Sidenote: Works.] The works of Cicero are:-- (1) _Orations_: Of the eighty speeches composed by him we possess, either entire or in part, fifty-nine. (See list). (2) _Philosophical works_. (3) _Correspondence_: Comprising _thirty-six_ books, _sixteen_ of which are addressed to Athens, _three_ to his brother Quintus, _one_ to Brutus, and _sixteen_ to his different friends. (4) _Poems_: Consisting of the heroic poems, _Alcyones_, _Marcus_, _Elegy of Tamelastis_, and _Translations_ of Homer and Aratus. II. LIFE OF CATILINE. [Sidenote: Birth. --His crimes. --Offices held. --First Conspiracy. --Catiline's Proposals. --The Conspiracy divulged. --First Speech against Catiline.] =L. Sergius Catilina= was a Roman patrician, born about 108 B.C. From his father he inherited nothing but a noble name. In the turbulent scenes of the Sullan rule, Catiline played a conspicuous part, to which his undoubted ability, his undaunted courage, his iron constitution, his depraved morals, and excessive cruelty notoriously fitted him. He commenced his career by slaying, with his own hand, Q. Caecilius, his own brother-in-law, and by torturing to death M. Marius Gratidianus, a kinsman of Cicero. Though his youth was spent in open debauchery, and reckless extravagance, though he made away with his first wife and his son to marry the worthless and profligate Aurelia Orestilla, the guilty crimes of Catiline do not seem to have been any barrier to his advancement to political honors. He obtained the praetorship B.C. 68, and in the following year was propraetor of Africa. He returned to Rome B.C. 66 to press his suit for the consulship. The two consuls who had the highest votes were P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla, both of whom were convicted of bribery, and their election was declared void. Their places were filled by L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus. Catiline was prevented from being a candidate in consequence of an impeachment brought against him for mal-administration of his province of Africa by P. Clodius Pulcher, afterwards the implacable enemy of Cicero. Autronius and Catiline, exasperated by their disappointment, formed a league with Cn. Calpurnius Piso to murder the consuls on the first of January, to seize the _fasces_, and to occupy Spain. The plan leaked out, and was postponed till the fifth of February. The scheme, however, failed in consequence of Catiline giving the signal too soon. Resolutions were passed by the Senate condemning the conspiracy, but these were quashed by the intercession of a tribune. Some say that both Caesar and Crassus were involved in this First Conspiracy of Catiline. About this time, Catiline was acquitted of extortion (_res repetundae_), but the trial rendered him penniless. About the beginning of June, 64 B.C., he began to plot more systematically to carry out his plans for a general revolution. A meeting was called for all those interested in the conspiracy. To this convention, eleven senators, four knights, and many of the noted men from the provincial towns assembled to hear the bold designs of the conspirator. Catiline proposed that all debts should be cancelled (_novae tabulae_), that the wealthy citizens should be proscribed, that offices of honor and emolument should be divided among his friends, and that the leaders of the conspiracy should raise armies in Spain and in Mauretania. Again he was a candidate for the consulship, and again he was doomed to disappointment. Cicero and Antonius were chosen, the latter, however, by only a few centuries over Catiline. This defeat embittered the animosity between the two parties. The conspirator raised large sums of money on his own security and on the credit of his friends, sent arms to various parts of Italy, levied troops in Etruria, and sent Manlius a veteran of Sulla to take command of the newly raised forces. The slaves were to be armed, the buildings of the city set on fire, the citizens indiscriminately massacred, and a reign of terror and bloodshed was to be inaugurated. In the midst of all these schemes, Catiline stood again for the consulship (63 B.C.), and was thwarted by the wariness and exertions of Cicero, who checkmated his schemes at every turn. One of the conspirators was Q. Curius, a man weak and vacillating. This man had a mistress, Fulvia, who was the repository of all his secrets. Alarmed at the audacious designs of the conspirators, she imparted her secrets to some of her acquaintances, and through her confidants the matter was betrayed to Cicero. After securing his personal safety, and withdrawing Antonius from the side of Catiline, the consul deferred the consular elections to lay before the Senate the whole conspiracy. At a meeting of the Senate, October 21st, 63, he told the Senators the danger that threatened the state. Many of those complicated in the conspiracy fled. By virtue of a _decretum ultimum_, which formula (_consules videant, ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat_) gave the consuls absolute civil and military power, Catiline was in danger of losing his life. Catiline, who was again a candidate for the consulship for 62 B.C., was rejected. An impeachment of sedition was also brought against him by L. Aemilius Paulus. On the 6th November, Catiline summoned the conspirators to the house of M. Porcius Laeca, and after accusing them of inactivity, he laid before him his plans. Cicero was to be removed, and L. Vargunteius, a senator, and C. Cornelius, a knight, were despatched to carry out the scheme, but were frustrated. Cicero called the Senate on November 8th, and delivered his first speech against Catiline, who, though overwhelmed with guilt, had still the audacity to appear among the senators. Altogether four speeches were delivered against Catiline. In the final debate as to the sentence, it was decided to put the apprehended conspirators to death. This sentence was carried out against some. Catiline and most fell, however, in the field at Pistoria (62 B.C.), fighting with a valour worthy of a better cause. III. CHRONOLOGY OF THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. Date B.C. {Consuls.} |Life of Catiline. | |Life of Cicero. 68 {L. Caecilius Metellus, P. Marcus Rex} |Catiline praetor 67 {Calpurnius Piso, M. Acilius Glabrio} |Catiline propraetor of Africa 66 {L. Volcatius Tullus, M. Aemilius Lepidus} |Catiline canvasses for the consulship: is accused of extortion by P. Clodius. Catiline defeated in suing for consulship: forms a league with Autronius and Piso. First conspiracy. 65 {L. Manlius Torquatus, L. Aurelius Cotta} |Catiline determines to slay the new consuls on the kalends of January: plan discovered and deferred to February: Catiline gives signal too soon and his plans frustrated. 64 {L. Julius Caesar, C. Marcus Figulus} |On the kalends of June, Catiline convenes his associates for a second conspiracy. Eleven senators, four knights, and many distinguished men assemble. Catiline again defeated for consulship. 63 {M. Tullius Cicero, C. Antonius Hybrida} |Catiline accused by Lucullus of murder. Catiline again candidate for consulship and defeated. | |Cicero convenes Senate, Oct. 20; lays plans of conspirators before Senate: elections for consuls, which should take place Oct. 21st, deferred. | |Oct. 21st: Letters brought by Crassus, threatening danger to the State: the Senate convened in the temple of Concord. The Senate passes _decretum ultimum_. On 22nd Oct. L. Licinius Murena and D. Junius Silanus elected consuls. |Oct. 23rd: Catiline accused under _Lex Plautia de vi_ by Lucius Paulus. |Oct. 27th: Manlius takes up arms in Etruria. |Oct. 28th: Day appointed by Catiline for the murder of the leading senators. (Cat. I., 3). |Nov. 1: Catiline endeavors to take Praeneste by a night attack. |Nov. 6th: Catiline assembles his friends at house of Laeca. |Nov. 7th: Vargunteius and Cornelius attempt to assassinate Cicero. |Nov. 8th: Catiline leaves Rome. | |Nov. 8: Cicero invokes the Senate in the temple of Juppiter Stator. First Catilinarian oration delivered. | |The _second Catilinarian oration_ delivered from the _rostra_ to the people, Nov. 9th. |Nov. 20th: A decree passed declaring Catiline and Manlius public enemies. |Dec. 2nd: The ambassadors of the Allobroges are seized with documents proving conspiracy. | |Dec. 3rd: The _third Catilinarian oration_ delivered from the rostra to the people. Rewards offered to all who would give information as to the conspiracy. | |Dec. 5th: Fourth Catilinarian oration delivered in the temple of Concord. The Senate decrees that the death penalty should be inflicted on the conspirators. Five conspirators put to death. 62 {D. Junius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena} |Jan. 5th: Battle of _Pistoria_: defeat and death of Catiline. | |Many Senators tried under the law _Lex Plautia de vi_ and exiled. IV. FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. This speech may be divided into three parts: I. In the introduction Cicero in impassioned language expresses astonishment that Catiline should be so audacious as to come into the Senate while plotting the destruction of his country. The orator reminds Catiline that men less guilty have been slain in the earlier days of the republic, and gives reasons why the penalty of death should be meted out to the arch conspirator (I., II.). II. In the next part, Cicero gives reasons why Catiline should leave Rome and go to the camp of Manlius: (_a_) That his nefarious plot was well known, that his personal character was stained with many crimes, that his public life was abhorred by all, that his native land, though silent, eloquently pleads with Catiline to withdraw (III.-IX.). (_b_) That Catiline should depart to the troops raised in Etruria, whither he had sent Manlius to carry on the war, that the great delight of Catiline was to make war on his native land, and to mingle in the society of the conspirators. (_c_) That such withdrawal would be more advantageous to the State than the execution of the conspirators, that in the former case his abandoned followers would accompany Catiline, and thus the seeds of the rebellion would be extirpated. III. The orator promises the co-operation of all patriotic citizens in suppressing the conspiracy after Catiline and his associates had withdrawn. Then beseeching Catiline and the other conspirators to remove from Rome, the orator invokes the aid of Juppiter Stator to save Rome from the nefarious schemes of abandoned men. M. TULLII CICERONIS ORATIO IN L. CATILINAM PRIMA. HABITA IN SENATU. I.--1. [1]Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu [2]etiam [3]furor iste tuus [4]eludet? [5]Quem ad finem sese effrenata [6]jactabit audacia? [7]Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt. Patere tua consilia non sentis? [8]Constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid [9]proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem [10]nostrum ignorare arbitraris? 2. O tempora, O mores! senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit.[1] Vivit? immo vero etiam [2]in senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, [3]notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, [4]viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae [5]videmur, si istius furorem ac tela [6]vitemus. [7]Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem oportebat, [8]in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris. 3. [1]An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus interfecit: Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam [2]illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. [3]Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, [4]novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. [5]Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, [6]ut viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus [7]senatus consultum in te, Catilina, [8]vehemens et grave: non deest [9]rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis: [10]nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. II.--4. Decrevit [1]quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla [2]intercessit; interfectus est [3]propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo [4]patre, avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis[5] M. Fulvius consularis. [6]Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica: [7]num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero nos [8]vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere [9]aciei horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum [10]inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina reconditum,[11] quo ex senatus consulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, [12]et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non [13]dissolutum videri, sed jam me ipse [14]inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 5. [1]Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata, crescit [2]in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque [3]adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te [4]jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, [5]credo, erit [6]verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum se dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit, [7]certa de causa nondum adducor, ut faciam. Tum denique [8]interficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam [9]tui similis inveniri poterit, [10]qui id non jure factum esse fateatur. 6. Quam diu [1]quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, ut [2]vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne [3]commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc [4]fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. III.--[5]Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius [6]exspectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare [7]coeptus nefarios neque [8]privata domus [9]parietibus continere [10]voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si [11]inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam [12]istam mentem, [13]mihi crede! obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum. [14]Teneris undique: luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia; quae jam mecum licet [15]recognoscas. 7. [1]Meministine me [2]ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis [3]certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem sextum Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, [4]audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? [5]Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum id quod multo magis admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, [6]caedem te [7]optimatium contulisse in ante diem quintum Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam [8]sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum [9]reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas? 8. [1]Quid? cum tu [2]te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, [3]sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu meis [4]praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? [5]Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. IV.--Recognosce mecum [6]tandem [7]noctem illam superiorem: [8]jam intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. [9]Dico te [10]priore nocte venisse [11]inter falcarios--non agam obscure [12]in M. Laecae domum: convenisse eodem [13]complures ejusdem [14]amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? [15]convincam, si negas: video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. O di immortales! [1]ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem publicam habemus? in qua urbe vivimus? [2]Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, [3]patres conscripti, [4]in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, [5]qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica [6]sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce [7]vulnero. Fuisti [8]igitur apud Laecam illa nocte, Catilina; [9]distribuisti partess Italiae; [10]statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret, [11]delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum educeres, [12]discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti [13]paullulum tibi esse [14]etiam tum morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt [15]duo equites Romani, [16]qui te ista cura liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo [17]lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego omnia, [1]vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam majoribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me [2]salutatum [3]mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis ac summis viris ad me [4]id temporis venturos praedixeram. V.--11. [1]Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, [2]perge quo coepisti, egredere aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, [3]si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, [4]dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non potes: [5]non feram, non patiar, non sinam. [6]Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis, gratia, [7]quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. [8]Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, [9]consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem [10]in campo et [11]competitores tuos interficere voluisti, [12]compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato: denique, [13]quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, [14]quamquam videbam [15]perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam. 12. [1]Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam [2]denique totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. [3]Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id, quod est [4]ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica [5]reliqua conjuratorum manus: [6]sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris, [7]exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. 13. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id [1]imperante me facere, quod jam tua sponte [2]faciebas? Exire ex urbe jubet [3]consul hostem. Interrogas me: [4]num in exilium? non jubeo, sed, si [5]me consulis, suadeo. VI.--Quid est enim, Catilina, [6]quod te jam in hac urbe delectare possit? In qua nemo est [7]extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. [8]Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est? [9]Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama? [10]Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus unquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? [11]Cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti? 14. [1]Quid vero? [2]Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et facile [3]patior sileri, ne in hac civitate [4]tanti facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, [5]quas omnes impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque [6]ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse jucundus, [1]cum scias esse horum [2]neminem qui nesciat, te [3]pridie Kalendas Januarias [4]Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse in [5]comitio cum telo? Manum consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse [6]sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac jam illa omitto--[7]neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa postea:--quotiens tu me [8]designatum, quotiens consulem interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas [9]petitiones [10]ita conjectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi! nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens [1]tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens [2]excidit aliquo casu et elapsa est! [3]quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. VII.--Nunc vero quae [4]tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, [5]sed ut misericordia, quae tibi [6]nulla debetur. Venisti [7]paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta [8]frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc [9]post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, [10]vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus? [11]Quid? Quod [12]adventu tuo [13]ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, [14]qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum [15]nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo [16]tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas? 17. [1]Servi [2]mehercule mei si me [3]isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi [4]urbem nom arbitraris? Etsi me meis civibus [5]injuria suspectum tam graviter atque [6]offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam [7]infestis oculis omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum [8]agnoscas odium omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, [9]dubitas, quorum [10]mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis [11]aliquo concederes: [12]nunc te patria [13]quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque auctoritatem [14]verebere nec judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces? 18. [1]Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur: [2]'Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te: tibi uni multorum civium [3]neces, tibi vexatio direptioque [4]sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: [5]tu non solum ad negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, [6]non est ferendum. Quamobrem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, [7]ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' VIII.--19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne [1]impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? [2]Quid? Quod tu te ipse [3]in custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa [4]apud M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse [5]isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad [6]Q. Metellum praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, [7]virum optimum, M. Metellum demigrasti, quem tu [8]videlicet et ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et [9]ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque vinculis abesse debere, [10]qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit? 20. [1]Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si [2]emori aequo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? [3]Refer, inquis, ad senatum; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo [4]sibi placere decreverit te ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod [5]abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu in exilium, [6]si hunc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina? Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? [7]Patiuntur, tacent. [8]Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? 21. At si hoc idem [1]huic adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo vero M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo jure optimo senatus [2]vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum [3]quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque hi solum, quorum auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam equites Romani honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi [4]cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem usque ad portas [5]prosequantur. IX.--22. [1]Quamquam quid loquor? [2]Te ut ulla res frangat? Tu ut te unquam corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales [3]duint! Etsi video, si mea voce perterritus ire in exilium [4]animum induxeris, [5]quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. [6]Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu [7]ut vitiis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore revocaverit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo [1]conflare vis invidiam, [2]recta perge in exilium; [3]vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. [4]Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, [5]exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris. 24. [1]Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse praemissos, [2]qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam [3]pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem. A quo etiam [4]aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, [5]cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? [6]Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficisens solebas, a cujus [7]altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti. X.--25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista [1]cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed [2]quandam incredibilem voluptatem. [3]Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu [4]non modo [5]otium, sed ne bellum quidem, nisi [6]nefarium concupisti. [7]Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis [8]conflatam, improborum manum. 26. [1]Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis. [2]Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, jacere humi, non solum [3]ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam [4]ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis [5]otiosorum. [6]Habes, ubi ostentes, illam tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium, [7]quibus te brevi tempore conectum senties. 27. [1]Tantum profeci tum, [2]cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut [3]exsul potius tentare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses atque ut id, quod est abs te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. XI.--Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam patriae querimoniam [4]detester ac deprecer, percipite, [5]quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica sic [6]loquatur; 'M. Tulli, quid agis? [7]Tune eum, quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem conjurationis, [8]evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non [9]emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem videatur? Nonne [10]hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio [11]mactari imperabis? 28. Quid [1]tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? [2]At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. [3]An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio [4]rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? [5]Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, [6]hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si [7]propter invidiam aut alicujus periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, [1]num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum?' XII.--His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum [2]factu [3]judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, [4]unius usuram horae [5]gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem. [6]Etenim si [7]summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam [8]honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 30. [1]Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, [2]qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: [3]qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, [4]si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra [5]pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem [6]paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi [7]se ejecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem [8]ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec [9]tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. XIII.--31. Etenim [1]jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto [2]omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi [3]ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque [4]in visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, [5]cum aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam [6]biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, [7]qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, [8]vehementius vivis reliquis ingravescet. 32. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi, discernantur a nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal [1]praetoris urbani, [2]obsidere cum gladiis curiam, [3]malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cujusque, [4]quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione [5]omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis. 33. [1]Hisce ominibus, Catilina, [2]cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum, [3]tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs [4]auspiciis a Romulo es constitutus, quem [5]Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus, hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus a vita fortunisque civium [6]arcebis, et homines bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. NOTES. [Transcriber's Note: This text has two traditional divisions, Chapters and Sections, which do not always coincide. Sections that straddle two Chapters are shown here as "6a" and "6b": CHAPTER I: Section 1, 2, 3 CHAPTER II: Section 4, 5, 6a CHAPTER III: Section 6b, 7, 8a CHAPTER IV: Section 8b, 9, 10 CHAPTER V: Section 11, 12, 13a CHAPTER VI: Section 13b, 14, 15, 16a CHAPTER VII: Section 16b, 17, 18 CHAPTER VIII: Section 19, 20, 21 CHAPTER IX: Section 22, 23, 24 CHAPTER X: Section 25, 26, 27a CHAPTER XI: Section 27b, 28, 29a CHAPTER XII: Section 29b, 30 CHAPTER XIII: Section 31, 32, 33] CHAPTER I. § 1.-- 1: _quousque--nostra?_ "How far, then, Catiline, will you trample upon our patience?" The abrupt opening of the speech shows the feelings of the orator whose indignation was naturally aroused when the conspirator dared to appear in the Senate after being declared a public enemy (_hostis patriae_). --_tandem_: "pray:" cp. +dźta+. --_abutere_: a future, as shown by _eludet, jactabit_. Cicero prefers the more poetic termination _-re_ to _-ris_ in the imperf. and fut. indic. and in the pres. and impf. subj. pass. In the pres. indic. he rarely uses it. Madvig. § 114.6. --_nostra_: Cicero includes the Senators and Consuls. 2: _etiam_: "still," belongs to _quamdiu_. 3: _furor iste_: note the energy imparted by personifying _furor_ and _audacia_. --_iste_ is strictly a pronoun demonstrative of the second person: _iste locus_, "the place where you are standing:" _ista verba_: "the words you utter." It often had a contemptuous meaning in Cicero's orations. 4: _eludet_: "will turn us into mockery:" a gladiatorial term of avoiding a thrust by the rapid movement of the body: hence, to baffle, deceive, and, as here, to mock. --_Nos_ is omitted by some editors. 5: _quem--audacia_: "to what length will your unbridled audacity proceed?" --_quem ad finem_ = _quousque_ or _quamdiu_. According to Schultz _quousque_ puts the more general question of _time_ and _degree_: _quamdiu_, the more special question, of _time_ only: _quem ad finem_: of _degree_ only. 6: _jactabit_ = _insolenter se efferet: se jactare_, "to toss the head contemptuously," "to walk with a conceited swing." 7: _nihilne--moverunt?_ "Have the guards nightly stationed on the Palatine nothing daunted you? Nothing, the sentinels of the city; nothing, the trepidation of the people; nothing, the thronging together of all patriotic (citizens); nothing, this most impregnable place for convening the Senate; nothing, the countenances and looks of these?" Observe the emphatic position of _nihil_ in the beginning of successive clauses (_anaphora_). --_Palatii_: the Palatine hill was adjacent to the Forum. It was here that Augustus built a splendid mansion: hence our word _palace_ from the residence of the emperor built on the _Palatium_. In times of danger the Palatium, one of the most important military posts of the city, was occupied by a guard. Originally the word meant the "feeding place:" root _pal, pascere_: cp. _Pales, Palilia_. Varro derives it from _pal_, "to wander:" cp. _palor_. It may have been the "common" for cattle in early days. --_Vigiliae_: under the republic, on emergencies, the _triumviri capitales, aediles_ or _tribuni plebis_ acting as a kind of police appointed night watches to keep order. --_timor populi_: cp. Sallust. Cat.: C. 31: _immutata urbis facies erat: ex summa laetitia atque lascivia ... repente omnes tristitia invasit_. --_bonorum omnium_: with _bonus_: cp. +agathos+, often used in the sense of "patriotic," opposed to _malus civis_, +kakos+: "unpatriotic." --_locus_: the Senate was usually convened on the Kalends, Nones and Ides of each month, and the meeting usually held in the Curia Hostilia. Extraordinary meetings (_senatus indictus_) as the present one were convened in some temple, or other place consecrated by the augurs. The present meeting was held in the temple of Juppiter Stator, near the _via sacra_, at the foot of the Palatine, which might be said to be _munitissimus_ from the special guard there as well as from its position. --_ora vultusque_: the former denotes the natural and habitual state, as expressed by the mouth and the lower part of the face: while the latter indicates the temporary and changing state, as expressed by the motion of the eye and brow. 8: _constrictam--vides_: "do you not see that your conspiracy has already come within the privity of all these?" literally, "is held bound by." Orelli distinguishes between _non_ and _nonne_ in direct questions. Where _non_ is used, the speaker, sure of his opinion, does not heed the answer of the opponent; where _nonne_ is used, the speaker expects and wishes that the person questioned will agree with him. --_constrictam teneri_: the metaphor is taken from chaining a wild beast to which he here compares the conspiracy. 9: _proxima_: this speech was delivered November 8th: so _nox proxima_ would be the night of 7th: --_nox superior_, the night of the 6th, also called _nox prior_, § 8. On this occasion they were at the house of M. Porcius Laeca. What they did on the _nox proxima_ we are not informed. --_egeris, fueris, convocaveris, ceperis_: subjunctive of dependent question: H. 529, I. 10: _nostrūm_: distinguish _nostrum_ used partitively and _nostri_ used possessively. § 2.-- 1: _vivit? immo vero_: Cicero often connects a word by putting that word in the form of a question with or without _dicam_ and answering it by _immo_. According to Madvig, (§ 454) _immo_ corrects a former statement as being quite inaccurate, or too weak, though true as far as it goes. --_immo vero_: "nay, indeed." 2: _in senatum venit_: as _vir praetorius_ Catiline had a right to enter the Senate. 3: _notat et designat_: a metaphor from the marking of the animals appointed for sacrifice. Cicero often uses synonymous words to impress the idea more strongly: "he marks and stamps each one of us for slaughter:" cp. Leg. Man. 3, 7. _Cives Romanes necandos trucidandosque denotavit._ 4: _viri fortes_: ironical. 5: _videmur_, scil. _nobis_: "we fancy that we are doing our duty to the state." 6: _si--vitemus_: for the subj. in _protasis_, and indic. in _apodosis_, see H. 511. 7: _ad mortem--opportebat_: "to death long ago, O Catiline, ought you to have been dragged by the order of the consul?" Note the emphatic position of _ad mortem. --duci_: for the present inf: see. H., 537, I. --_jussu consulis_: the Senate had entrusted the safety of the State by the _decretum ultimum_ (_videant consules, ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat_). By the power vested in the consuls in consequence of this decree they had the power to put Catiline to death. 8: _in te--machinaris_: "On you should that ruin long since have been hurled which you for a long time have been plotting against us all." Join _jampridem_ from the previous clause with _conferri_. The present tense in Latin with _jamdiu_ includes past tense: cf. +palai legō+, _jamdiu dico_: "I have long ago told you and do so still." --_machinari_; +mźchanasthai+, to plan by _artful_ and _secret_ means: _moliri_, to plan by _strong_ effort. § 3.-- 1: _An vero_: the original force of _an_ is "or," and when used interrogatively the sentence is elliptical. Here we may supply: "Am I right in my conjecture or, in fact, did that illustrious man, P. Scipio, chief pontiff, though filling no magistracy, slay Tiberius Gracchus when slightly disturbing the settled order of the State." We may conveniently translate here _an vero_ by: "while, in fact." The argument here is _a minore ad majus_. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica consul with D. Junius Brutus 138 B.C. Cicero probably adds _pontifex maximus_ to remind his hearers of the high dignity and prudence which a man gifted with this office would possess. He also uses _privatus_ because in contrast to _consules_, the office of _pontifex maximus_ not being a _magistratus_. _Tiberium Gracchum_: see Proper Names --_mediocriter labefactantem_: Cicero designedly extenuates the guilt of Gracchus to heighten the crimes of Catiline. In fact, the orator represents the guilt of Gracchus in different lights according to the exigencies of his cause: cp. De Leg. Ag., 2, 5, 10: De Off. II., 12, 43. --_Catilinam_: emphatic position: "Catiline, desiring to devastate the world with sword and fire shall we consuls tolerate?" --_orbis terrae_: there is little difference between _orbis terrae_ and _orbis terrarum_. --_caede atque incendiis_: also _ferro et igni_. 2: _illa_: "the following instance:" though only the case of Ahala is mentioned, the plural is probably used to intimate that other cases might be adduced. 3: _C. Servilius Ahala_: see Proper Names. 4: _novis--studentem_: "aiming to overturn the government:" cp. +neōterizein+. 5: _fuit-fuit_: note the emphatic repetition of the word (_epizeuxis_). --_ista virtus_: here _ista_ = _illa_: "that well-known public spirit:" We may take _virtus_ = _amor patriae_: "patriotism." 6: _ut--coercerent_: "that brave men inflicted severer punishment on a factious citizen then on the bitterest foe" --_suppliciis_: abl. means. 7: _senatus consultum_: the decree arming the consuls with civil and military power. The formula was _videant consules ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat_. 8: _vehemens et grave_: "full of force and severity." 9: _rei publicae_: generally taken as a dative after _deest_: others take it as a genitive depending on _consilium_, i.e., there is no lack of precedents of the state, i.e., the state have many instances of wicked citizens being punished. The state, according to Cicero, has enough of wisdom (_consilium_) and determining authority (_auctoritas_), but the executive power is weak. CHAPTER II. § 4.-- 1: _quondam_: 121 B.C.: see _C. Gracchus_, in Proper Names. In a decree of this kind both consuls were named. The other, Q. Fabius, was at that time in that part of Gaul known afterwards as Provincia, and his absence from Rome may account for the omission of his name from the decree. 2: _intercessit_: i.e., between the passing of the decree and the death of Gracchus. 3: _propter--suspiciones_: another case of extenuation to bring out more vividly the guilt of Catiline. Distinguish _susp[)i]c[)i]o, suspīc[)i]o_. 4: _patre-majoribus_, scil. _ortus_: abl. of origin. The father of C. Sempronius Gracchus was Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, who twice held the consulship (177 B.C., and 163 B.C.), the censorship (169 B.C.), twice enjoyed a triumph, once over the Celtiberians, 178 B.C., and once over the Sardinians, 175 B.C. The mother of the Gracchi was Cornelia, daughter of P. Scipio Africanus Major, who defeated Hannibal at Zama 202 B.C. Thus Gracchus united in himself two of the noblest families in Rome. 5: _M. Fulvius_: one of the commissioners appointed to carry out the _lex agraria_ of C. Gracchus. He was killed with his eldest son in the fray in which Gracchus was slain. The youngest son was killed after the conflict. 6: _simili-publica_: some omit the commas after _senatusconsulto_ and _consulibus_ and thus make _Mario_, _Valerio_ datives; others retain the commas and make these words ablative absolute. The event happened in the sixth consulship of Marius, 102 B.C. Lucius Saturninus and C. Servilius Glaucia were guilty of killing C. Memmius who was seeking the consulship. Both Saturninus and Glaucia were driven into the Capitol and put to death. 7: _num--est?_ "Did the punishment of death inflicted by the state cause L. Saturninus, the tribune of the people, and C. Servilius, the praetor, to wait for a single day?" --_mors ac rei publicae poena_ = _mortis poena a re publica inflicta_. --_at vero_: "but we assuredly." 8: _vicesimum diem_: the 18th day since the _senatus consultum_ was passed. The decree was passed Oct. 21st and this oration was delivered Nov. 8th. The Romans, however, reckoned both days. 9: _aciei_: "the edge:" root _ac_: "sharp." 10: _inclusum in tabulis_: "shut up among our records" i.e. a useless decree unless carried into effect. 11: _quo--convenit_: "and in accordance with this decree, you, O Catiline, should be at once put to death:" with _confestim_: cp. _festino_. 12: _et vivis_: rhetorical for _et vivis quidem_ or _idque_. --_cupio--cupio_: "I desire, on the one hand,--I am anxious, on the other." --The acc. of pronouns gives more prominence to the circumstance wished by disconnecting it from the _cupio_. 13: _dissolutus_: "remiss," "forgetful of duty." Synonymous with _neglegens_. 14: _inertiae nequitiaeque_: "of sloth and irresolution." § 5.-- 1: _castra--collocata_: "a camp is pitched," at Faesulae (now _Fiesole_), which lies on a spur of the western slope of the Appenines, not far from Florence. At this place Manlius had collected a number of soldiers who had served under Sulla. The term _fauces_, literally "jaws," is often used for a mountain pass: cp. Scott: Lady of the Lake: "Led slowly through the pass's jaws." 2: _in dies singulos_: "daily," always joined to some word of comparative force and expressing daily increase or diminution: _cottidie_, simply daily repetition. --_imperatorem ducemque: imperator_, a military leader deriving his authority from the Senate: _dux_, simply a leader. 3: _adeo in Senatu_: "in the very Senate," or as Zumpt (§ 737) takes it, "nay more," "nay even in the Senate." 4: _jam_: "now at once." --_jussero_: the fut. pf. often represents the speedy accomplishment of a fut. action. 5: _credo_: used ironically: cp. +oiomai+. Here the word may be equivalent to _non erit verendum_. 6: _verendum mihi_, etc.: "I shall have to fear (i.e. I am convinced) that all patriots will regard your death as occuring too late, rather than as too severe and cruel," or as Wilkins translates: "Certainly it is more likely that all patriots will consider this action too late, than that anyone should consider it too cruel." Explain _quisquam_. 7: _certe--adducor_: "for a certain reason, I am not yet led to do:" i.e. the fear of punishing Catiline before his guilt was fully ascertained lest he might pass for an injured man with his sympathizers. Cicero's object was to cause Catiline and his associates to leave Rome. 8: _interficiere_: i.e. "you will be ordered to be put to death." Others read _interficiam te_. 9: _tui similis_: _similis_ in Cicero generally takes _genitive or dative_ of persons: _dative_ of things. 10: _qui_ = _ut is_: "as not to confess that it was justly inflicted." --_id_, i.e. _te interficiam_ from _interficiere_ before. § 6.-- 1: _quisquam_: for use, see H. 457. 2: _multis--oppressus_: "beset by many powerful guards placed by me:" note the idiom. Cicero had guards placed not only in the capital, but also throughout Italy. 3: _te commovere_: "to make any farther movement:" a metaphor taken from the gladiatorial contests. 4: _fecerunt_ = _speculati sunt et custodiverunt_: the verb _facio_ in Latin, and +poieō+ in Greek, and _do_ in English, are often used as substitutes for other verbs. CHAPTER III. 5: _Etenim--potest?_ This gives a reason for the clause _sed vives--possis_. 6: _exspectes_: H. 503, I. 7: _coeptus nefarios_: "your traitorous attempts:" another reading is _coetus_. 8: _privata domus_: the house of M. Porcius Laeca. 9: _parietibus_: abl. means. Distinguish _moenia_ (root _mun_, to defend: cp. +amunein+), the walls of a city for defensive purposes: _murus_ (= _mun-rus_), any kind of wall: _paries_ (root _par_, to separate): the partition walls of a house: _maceria_, a garden wall. 10: _voces conjurationis_ = _voces conjuratorum_: "the voices of the conspirators:" Cicero often uses abstract for concrete terms. 11: _inlustrantur_ opposed to _obscurare_ as _erumpunt_ to _domus ... continet_. 12: _istam mentem_: "that resolve of thine," i.e. of remaining in the city to murder the people. 13: _mihi crede_ = _me sequere_: "follow my advice:" _mihi crede_ is the common order in Cicero: _crede mihi_ in other writers. 14: _teneris undique_: "you are hemmed in (i.e. convicted) on every hand." 15: _quae--recognoscas_: "and these plans you may now review with me:" Construe: _quae_ (= _et haec_, scil. _consilia_) _licit_ (_tibi ut_) _recognoscas jam mecum_. § 7.-- 1: _meministine_ = _nonne meministi_: the particle _-ne_ added to a verb has sometimes in Cicero the force of _nonne_. Cp. Cat. Major, C. 10. _videtisne_ = _nonne videtis_. So frequently in Terence, Plautus, and in colloquial Latin: H. 396, II. I. 2: _ante-Novembres_: "on the 12th day before the Kalends of November," i.e. on October 21st. This anomolous mode of expression probably arose from the transposition of _ante_. Having one written _ante die duodecimo Kalendas_, they would easily be led to infer that _ante_ governed _die_ and so would write _ante diem duodecimum Kalendas_. For the method of computation of time among the Romans, see H. 642. 3: _certo die, qui dies_: the repetition of the subst. after the relation may be explained on the ground of clearness. 4: _audaciae--tuae_: "the partisan and agent of your audacious schemes." The words _satelles_ and _administer_ are synonymous, the former being more poetical and explained by the latter, which is the more common. 5: _num--dies?_ "was I, O Catiline, ignorant not merely of an attempt so enormous, so wicked, so surpassing belief, but, a thing which is more to be wondered at, of the day?" --_me fallit_: cf. _latet me_, +lanthanei me+. 6: _caedem--Novembres_: "that you had fixed the 28th October for the slaughter of the nobles." The construction is _in diem quintum ante Kalendas Novembres_. Predetermination of future time is often expressed by _in_ with acc.: as _in diem posterum senatum convocavit_, not "he summoned the Senate _on_ the next day," but "_for_ the next day." 7: _optimatium_: is the only word, not a proper name, in _-at_, that makes the gen. pl. in _-ium_. --_Roma_: Give rules for the construction of the names of towns. 8: _sui conservandi_: _sui_ like _nostri, vestri_ is not a gen. pl. but a gen. sing. of an adj. used collectively and abstractly: "not for self-preservation:" Madvig, 297, b. c.: 417. 9: _reprimendorum_: here used in the sense of _impediendorum_: "of preventing your plans being carried out." This is probably a rhetorical flourish on the part of Cicero, as no such fact is mentioned by Sallust. Among those who fled, according to Plutarch, was M. Crassus. --_num--dicebas?_ "Can you deny that on that very day, beset by the guards I had placed, by my watchfulness, you could take not one step against the state, when on the departure of the others you, nevertheless, expressed yourself satisfied with the murder of us who remained?" --_discessu ceterorum_: the ablative here supplies the place of a participial abl. absol. --_nostra--caede--qui_: the relative is made to refer to an antecedent implied in _nostra_: H. 445, 6, --_quum_: is often used by Cicero in the impf. indic. when the bare notion of time or of continuance is to be expressed. --_remansissemus_: virtual oblique narrative: hence the subjunctive. § 8.-- 1: _quid_: "further": lit. "what shall I say?" scil. _dicam_. 2: _te--occupaturum_: "that you would anticipate us in seizing Praeneste in an attack by night on the first of November." With _occupare_: cp. +phthanein+: no other writer mentions this fact. --_ipsis_: _ipse_ denotes exactness in temporal expressions: _triginta ipsi dies_, "exactly thirty days." 3: _sensistisne_ = _nonne sensistis_: see note 1, § 7, above. 4: _praesidium_, a guard in a general sense: _custodiae_, watches on the wall: _vigiliae_, night watches. 5: _nihil--nihil, nihil_: see note 7, § 1. "There is nothing you do, nothing you plan, nothing you think which I do not hear only, but also see or clearly perceive." Some read _non modo_ for _non modo non_, which the senses requires. CHAPTER IV. 6: _tandem_: see note 1, § 1. The orator implies by this particle the fulness of his knowledge. 7: _noctem illam superiorem_: "the events on the night preceding the last:" i.e., the events on the night of the 6th November, when the meeting was held at the house of M. Porcius Laeca. --_illam_ here does duty for the definite article in English. 8: _jam--reipublicae_: "You shall presently perceive that I am much more actively watchful for the safety of the state than you are for its destruction" --_intelliges_: what compounds of _-lego_ have _lexi_ in the perfect? --_acrius_? 9: _dico_: this passage is executed with fine skill. At first the orator states the fact clearly and briefly. He notes the effect on the conspirator and calls for an answer: after no reply is given, Cicero goes into details. 10: _priore nocte_: "on the night preceding (the last)": a change for _superiore nocte_. Others say it means _initio noctis_. 11: _inter falcarios_, scil. _opifices_: "through the scythe makers' street:" a street in Rome deriving its name from the occupation of its inhabitants. Cp. Isocr. Areopag. § 48: +en tais aulźtrisin+: Livy, 35, 43: _inter lignarios_ "in the woodcutters' street." 12: _in--domum_: is the preposition necessary? 13: _complures_: Sallust (Cat. 17) gives the names of eleven senators who were present on this occasion. 14: _amentiae_: distinguish _amentia_ and _dementia_. 15: _convincam_: "I will prove it." § 9.-- 1: _ubinam gentium sumus!_ This phrase is very much the same as ours, "where in the world are we?" It is often used in rhetorical writings and in the comic poets. For the partitive genitive, see H. 397, 4. 2: _hic, hic_: Epizeuxis: note the emphatic repetition. 3: _patres conscripti_: said to be for _patres et conscripti_. The senators were called _patres_. In the wars of the early republic many were killed. To fill the place of those slain some were summoned (_conscripti_.) Hence the original senators--those summoned--were addressed as _patres et conscripti_: afterwards the _et_ was omitted. 4: _in--consilio_: "in this most venerable and respectable assembly of the whole world." The term _sanctus_ applied to the senate may refer to the building in which it was convened. The usual distinction between _consilium_ and _concilium_, that the former means advice, plans, while the latter means an assemblage, with regard to those who compose it, does not hold good. The roots of these words are different, _consilium_: from _con_, _sed_, to sit: cp. _sedes_, _solium_, +hedos+; for the change of _d_ to _l_: cp. +dakru+, lacrima; _olere_, _odere_. --_concilium_: _con_, _cal_, to summon: cp. _Kalendae_, _calare_, +kalein+. 5: _qui--cogitent_: "(are men so nefarious) as to plan the destruction of every one of us, and the ruin of this city and further of the whole world." --_qui_ = _tales ut. --adeo_: literally, "up to this point:" then, "in fact." 6: _sententiam rogo_: supply _hos_ from the preceding. _Sententiam rogo_ is said of the presiding magistrate who, in proposing a _senatus consultum_, asked individually the will of the senators. 7: _vulnero_: by mentioning their names publicly. 8: _igitur_: resumes (_analeptic_) the argument referring to the question, _num rogare audes?_ Catiline had left this unanswered. Having been interrupted by the outbreak of his indignation, the orator now returns to the doings of the conspirators at the house of Laeca. 9: _distribuisti_: Sallust (C. 27) informs us that C. Manlius was sent to Faesulae, and the adjoining territory of Etruria: Septimius, into the Picene territory: C. Julius, into Apulia. 10: _statuisti--placeret_: scil: _locum_: "you appointed the place to which it was agreed on that each should set out:" For subjunctive in _placeret_, see H. 529, I. 11: _delegisti--educeres_: "you picked out those whom you were to leave at Rome, whom you were to take with you." Sallust (Cat. C. 43) says that Statilius and Gabinius were to set fire to the city, and Cethegus was to assassinate Cicero, and Lentulus to superintend the general massacre. 12: _discripsisti_: _discribo_ is used where the fundamental notion is to map out, plan, arrange, put in order, as _distribuere_, _dividere_, _disponere_: _describo_ is to write down, to compose. Sallust (Cat. C. 43) says that the conspirators were to fire twelve (Plutarch says a hundred) parts of the city at one and the same time. For _discripsisti_: cf. Cic. Pro Sulla, 8: _Tam Catilina dies exurendi tum caeteris manendi conditio, tum discriptio totam per orbem caedis atque incendiorum constituta est_. 13: _paullulum--morae_: "that you still had even now a slight cause of delay." _Paullulus_ is a dual diminutive for _paurululus_ = _paullulus_: _u_ being omitted before the first _l_ and the _r_ assimilated: cp. _sterula_ = _stella_. --_viverem_: subj.: giving the opinion of Catiline. 14: _etiam tum_: is used to express the words of Catilina, not those of Cicero. 15: _duo equites_: according to Cic. (Pro Sulla, 18, 52) one was C. Cornelius: Sallust (Cat. C. 18) mentions the Senator L. Vargunteius as the other. 16: _qui--liberarent_: "to free you from the fear you had:" _qui_ = _tales ut_. _illa ipsa nocte_: these knights were to pay their intended visit in the morning, where the Roman magistrates and distinguished men held their audiences and received their clients. 17: _lectulo_: the diminutive here has scarcely any force. There may be a slight reference to its comfort: "my dear bed." § 10.-- 1: _vixdum--dimisso_: "when your meeting was hardly as yet broken up." _Comperi_: Cicero gained his knowledge from Curius and Fulvia (Sall. Cat. C. 28). According to Merivale, Cicero used _comperio_ when he was wont to indicate his knowledge of facts, though afraid of revealing the sources of his information. The word does not always have this force. 2: _salutatum_: supine after a verb of motion. What different ways of expressing a purpose in Latin? 3: _mane_: another form is _mani_: cp. _luci_, _heri_, locatives. 4: _id temporis_: for partitive genitive: H. 397, note 5. CHAPTER V. § 11.-- 1: _quae--sint_: "since these facts are so:" often used to sum up a chain of facts founded on evidence. 2: _perge quo coepisti_, scil. _pergere_: "proceed as you have begun." Conjugate _pergere_. _desiderant_: "feel the loss of." _desiderare_, to feel the loss of an object of love or sympathy: hence "to yearn after;" _requirere_: to feel the loss of a thing, as an act of the understanding. 3: _si minus_ = _si non_. Construe: _si minus (educis omnes, educ) quam plurimos (educere potes)_. 4: _dummodo--intersit_: cp. Plutarch (Cicero 16): "and Cicero arising ordered him to leave the city; for while he himself carried on his political contest by words and Catiline by arms, there must needs be a city wall between them." 5: _non--sinam_: note the _anaphora_. Cicero uses three synonymous verbs to express the thought that he will not endure the conduct of Catiline under any circumstances. We may translate: "I cannot, will not, shall not endure it." 6: _magna--urbis_: "much gratitude is due to the immortal gods and especially (_atque_) to this Juppiter Stator, the most ancient guardian of our city." Distinguish _gratiam habere_, to feel thankful: _gratias agere_, to return thanks in words: _gratiam referre_, to show oneself thankful by deeds. Juppiter obtained the name Stator because he is said to have stayed the flight of the Romans when they were hard pressed by the Sabines. The place where the flight was arrested was marked by a temple vowed by Romulus at the foot of the Palatine (Livy I. 12). 7: _quod--effugimus_: "because we have already escaped so often a pest so cruel, so dreadful, so dangerous to the state" --_toties_: referring to the earlier conspiracy of Catiline which failed. 8: _non--reipublicae_: "it must not again and again depend on one man that the existence of the state should be in peril:" or, "the safety of the state must not be often exposed to danger by one man." A similar expression is found: Cic. Pro. Rosc. Amer. 51. 148: _summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur_. 9: _consuli designato_: in the days of Cicero the consuls were elected on the 22nd October, but did not formally enter upon their office till January 1st. Between the time of their election and entering upon office they were called _consules designati_. --_proximis comitiis consularibus_: referring to Oct. 22nd. 10: _in campo_, scil. _Martio_: the consular elections were held in the Campus Martius, a plain between the city and the Tiber. 11: _competitores_: D. Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena. 12: _compressi--copiis_: on the day of the consular elections, we are told by Plutarch, Cicero put on a coat of mail and was attended by the chief men of Rome and a great number of youths to the Campus Martius. He there threw off his _toga_ and displayed his coat of mail to show the danger to which he was exposed. The people were so angry with Catiline that they chose Murena and Silanus as consuls. 13: _quotiescumque--obstiti_: "as often as you aimed at my life, by my own resources did I oppose you:" _petere_ is a gladiatorial term, "to aim a blow at an opponent." 14: _quamquam videbam_: distinguish _quamquam_, introducing a conceded fact and in good authors used with the indicative from _quamvis_ introducing a purely hypothetical case and used with the subjunctive. H., 516, I. and II. 15: _perniciem--conjunctum_: "that my destruction was linked with the signal downfall of the state" --_pernicies_: from _per-_ root _nec_: cp. _nex_, _noceo_, hence utter destruction --_calamitas_: another form is _cadamitas_: from _cado_, to fall: for the interchange of _d_ and _l_: cp. _odere_, _olere_: _dingua_, _lingua_. § 12.-- 1: _nunc jam_: emphatically, "now" --_jam nunc_: is "even now" (i.e., before the regular time), or "now at last." 2: _denique_: "in a word." 3: _quare--audeo_: "wherefore since I do not yet dare to pursue that course which first presents itself and which is in accordance with the power (I hold) and the principles of our ancestors" --_imperii_ genitive after _proprium_. What cases may _proprius_ govern? _imperii_ refers to the extraordinary power which he had by the decree _videant consules ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat_. This decree (_decretum ultimum_) armed the consuls with civil and military authority. Others say _imperii proprium_ means, "in accordance with this government." 4: _ad--lenius_: "milder as regards severity," or "in point of severity." _Ad_ = _quoad, quoad attinet ad, si spectes_. He uses _ad communem salutem utilius_ to balance _ad severitatem lenius_. 5: _reliqua--manus_: "a remnant of the conspirators." Ernesti reads _aliqua_ for _reliqua_. 6: _sin_: "if, on the other hand." 7: _exhaurietur--reipublicae_: "there shall be drained off from the city a great and destructive refuse of the state composed of your comrades." _Exhaurio_: cp. +antleō+ properly to drain the bilge water (+antlos+ _sentina_) out of the hold of a vessel. --_tuorum comitum_: this secondary genitive is one of explanation (_expexegetical_). § 13.-- 1: _imperante me_: abl. absolute. 2: _faciebas_ = _facere volebas_: Madvig, § 337, obs. I. 3: _consul hostem_: note the emphatic juxtaposition of these words. 4: _num--exilium_, scil. _jubes me exire_: "You do not order me to go into exile, do you?" Distinguish _exilium_, _deportatio_, and _relegatio_: see Antiquities. 5: _me consulis_: distinguish _me consulit_, _mihi consulit_, _in me consulit_. CHAPTER VI. 6: _quod--possit_: H., 503, I. 7: _extra--hominum_: "unconnected with that band of conspirators composed of worthless men" --_conjuratio_: used in a concrete sense: cp. _advocatio_, _servitium_. For subjunctive: H., 500, I. 8: _quae--est?_ "what stain of domestic infamy has not been branded on your life?" Distinguish: _n[)o]t[)a], nōt[)a], n[)o]tā_. The expression _nota domesticae turpitudinis_ differs in meaning from _privatarum rerum dedecus_: the former relates to moral or immoral domestic life, the latter to all private actions as opposed to those that affect a man's public character. _Nota_ is applied (1) to the brand on cattle; Virg. Georg. 3, 158: (2) to the mark placed on a fugitive slave when retaken: (3) to the mark placed by the censor (_nota censoria_) on revising the list of citizens, opposite the name of the person degraded. According to Plutarch, Catiline had slain his own brother and murdered his own son that there might be no obstacle to his marrying Aurelia Orestilla. 9: _quod--fama_: "what scandal in private life does not cling to your notorious acts?" Some read _infamiae_, a dat, after _haeret_, which is sometimes found. Give the different constructions of _haerere_. 10: _quae--afuit_: "what act of impurity ever was strange to your eyes, what enormity to your hands, what pollution to your whole body?" --_libido_; licentiousness, in a general sense; _facinus_, a bold, daring deed, in a bad sense, unless justified by some favourable epithet: _flagitium_, a disgraceful, lustful excess. 11: _cui--praetulisti?_ "to what youth, after you had once entangled him by the allurements of vice, did you not hand either a dagger to commit some daring deed, or a torch to inflame his passion?" --_adulescentulo_: the diminutive is used in a depreciatory sense, since many a weak youth was misled by Catiline (Sallust Cat., c. 14). --_facem_: the figure refers to the nightly revels and debauches of Catiline. Slaves carried torches before their masters at night to show the way. The torch of Catiline not merely showed the way to crimes, but served to inflame the passions of lust. § 14.-- 1: _quid vero?_ scil. _dicam_; "further:" lit. "what, indeed, shall I say?" 2: _nuper--cumulasti?_ "When lately by the death of your first wife you had rendered your home empty to contract a new marriage, did you not aggravate this crime by committing another incredible act of guilt?" It is said that Catiline poisoned his first wife and murdered his own son, to marry Aurelia Orestilla. 3: _patior_: "I suffer myself:" a kind of middle form: cp. _glorior_, _vescor_, _vertor_, _lavor_. 4: _tanti--immanitas_: "so enormous a crime." 5: _quas--senties_: "which you will find wholly threaten you on the next Ides." On the _ides_ it was usual to pay interest on borrowed money, cp. Hor. Ep. 2. The _ides_ (_idus_, from _iduare_, to divide) were on the 13th of each month, except in March, May, July, October, when they fell on the 15th. As this oration was delivered on the 8th, Catiline had only five days to prepare against bankruptcy. Decline _idus_? What words are fem. of 4th decl.? 6: _ad--pertinent_: "to these I come, which concern not the personal disgrace which attaches to your vices, (which concern) not the embarassment and scandal of your home, but (which concern) the welfare of the state and the life and safety of us all." --_ignominiam_: referring to his personal crimes. --_difficultatem_: his financial difficulties. § 15.-- 1: _cum scias_: for subjunctive: H. 522, II. 2. 2: _neminem_: decline this word. 3: _pridie--Januarias_: scil _ante_: "on the day before the Kalends of January," i.e. December 31st, Sallust gives an account of this earlier conspiracy. The plan was to murder the consuls in the capitol, then Catiline and Autronius were to seize the consular power. Suetonius says that both Crassus and Caesar were partners in guilt, and that the scheme failed because Crassus did not appear at the proper time. A second time (5th February) an attempt was made, but this also failed in consequence of Catiline having given the signal too soon before a sufficient number of followers had arrived. 4: _Lepido et Tullo consulibus_: M. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Volcatius Tullus were consuls 66 B.C. The _consules designati_ were P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla: but these were disqualified for bribery and L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatius (their accusers) obtained the consulship. 5: _comitio_: distinguish _comitium_ and _comitia_. Where was the _comitium_? --_manum--paravisse?_ scil. _potestne--scias_: "that you collected a gang to slay the consuls and leading men of the state?" 6: _sceleri--obstitisse?_ "that no reflection or fear of yours, but the good luck of the state thwarted your wicked and frenzied attempt!" Is _aliquis_ commonly used in negative clauses? 7: _neque--postea_: i.e., _nam quae post a te commissa sunt, ea neque obscura sunt, neque panca_. 8: _Consulem designatum_: see note 9, § 11. 9: _petitiones_: see note 7, § 11. 10: _ita--effugi_: "aimed in such a way that they seemed impossible to be parried have I avoided by a slight side movement, and, as they term it, by (a deflection of) the body." --_petitio_, _declinatio_, _corpus_, _effugio_, are terms of the fencing school purposely used by Cicero to show that Catiline was no better than a gladiator: cp. Cic. Cat. II. 2. --_ut aiunt_: cp. +hōs phasi+: "as the saying is." § 16.-- 1: _tibi_: ethical dative: H. 389. --_jam_: "ere now." --_de manibus_ is explanatory (_epexegetical_) to _tibi_. 2: _excidit_, distinguish _excīdit_, _exc[)i]dit_. 3: _quae--defigere_: the position of the relative and the indirect interrogation is foreign to our idiom, and must be avoided in translation: _quae_ = _et haec_, scil. _sica_: "and I know not by what (unhallowed) rites it has been consecrated and devoted to its purpose by you that you deem it necessary to plunge it in the body of the consul." Cicero here refers to the fact that a human sacrifice took place at the house of Catiline, and that the dagger used on that occasion was dedicated to the purpose of slaying the consuls: cp. Sallust, Cat. C. 23. CHAPTER VII. 4: _tua--ista vita_: "that life that you lead." 5: _sed ut_: construe _sed (tecum loquar) ut misericordia (permotus esse videar)_. 6: _nulla_: stronger than _non_: "not at all," "not a particle." 7: _paullo ante_: "a moment ago." 8: _frequentia_: "throng,": cp. _frequens senatus_: "a crowded senate,": --_necessarii_: cp. +anankaioi+. --_salutavit_: among the Romans it was customary when they saw their friends or eminent men approaching to rise up, and salute or courteously address them. 9: _post--memoriam_: "within the memory of men": cp. Thucy. I. 7: +aph' hou Hellźnes memnźntai+. _contigit_: generally means, "it befalls" of fortunate occurences, but not always. 10: _vocis--contumeliam ... judicio taciturnitatis_: Chiasmus. --_vocis--taciturnitatis_ = _loquentium--tacitorum_: "are you waiting for reproofs from those speaking, when you are overpowered by the most solemn sentence of those, though they are silent." The reference is to the fact that the Senate had declared Catiline _patriae hostis_, and had received him with silence on entering the Senate. 11: _quid?_ scil. _dicam_. We often find _quid? quod_ used by Cicero in rapid rhetorical questions: Madvig., 479, d. obs. 1. 12: _adventu tuo_: see note 9, § 7: _abl. time_. 13: _ista subsellia_: "the benches near you." The seats of the senators (_subsellia_) were beneath that of the consul (_sella curulis_), which was on a platform. 14: _qui fuerunt_: "who have been often destined for slaughter by you." --_tibi_: dat. for abl. with _abs_ = _abs te_. Distinguish _constituti sunt_ and _constituti fuerunt_. 15: _nudam atque inanem_: "completely bare:" Cicero often uses two epithets of nearly the same meaning to emphasize the idea to be conveyed. 16: _tandem_: see note 1, § 1. § 17.-- 1: _servi--arbitraris_: a fine example of the argument _a fortiori_. The Latins call this _amplificatio_ (Quint. 8, 4, 9), the Greeks +enthumźma+, a rhetorical conclusion, drawn from opposites. 2: _me hercule_: either (1) _me, Hercules juvet_, or (2) _me, Hercules, juves_. We also find _me hercules_, _mehercle_, _mercule_, varieties of the same oath. For the tendency to drop _s_ final: cp. Peile (Greek and Latin Etymology, p. 355). 3: _isto pacto_: "in the way." --_isto_ here does duty for the article or may be = _eodem_. _omnes_: the fellow-conspirators are no longer regarded as citizens by Cicero. 4: _urbem_: scil., _relinquendam_. 5: _injuria_: "without any just cause." 6: _offensum_ = _invisum_, _odiosum_. 7: _infestis_: another form is _infensis_: "menacing." 8: _agnoscas_: distinguish _agnosco_, _ignosco_, _cognosco_, _recognosco_, in meaning. 9: _dubitas--vitare_: when _dubito_ means "to doubt:" _non dubito_ is properly construed with _quin_ and the subjunctive, rarely with the infinitive. But when _dubito_ means "to scruple," "to hesitate," and the sentence following contained the same subject, _non dubito_ is generally construed with the infinitive. 10: _mentes sensusque_: "souls and senses." 11: _aliquo_: "to some place or other." 12: _nunc_ = +nun de+, "but now, as it is," used to contrast _actual_ and _imagined_ condition. 13: _jamdiu--cogitare_: "and for a long time has it come to the conclusion that you have been planning nothing but her ruin." --_nihil = de nulla re_. --_parricidio_ = _interitu_, because _patria_ is regarded _communis parens_. According to Roman law _parricidium_ included the murder of intimate friends as well as of parents. 14: _verebere_: _vereor_, a religious reverence due to a superior: _pertimesco_, an excessive dread of impending calamity. § 18.-- 1: _quae--loquitur_: a fine personification. Note the _oxymoron_ in _tacita--loquitur_. 2: _nullum_: note the emphatic positions of _nullum--nullum_. 3: _neces_: alluding to the murders which Catiline perpetrated as a partisan of Sulla, during the dictatorship of the latter. 4: _sociorum_: in 67 B.C. Catiline was propraetor of Africa. In 65 B.C. he was accused by P. Clodius Pulcher, the inveterate enemy of Cicero, for cruel oppression of the provincials, but he succeeded in buying off the accuser, and the persecution came to nothing. 5: _tu--valuisti_: "you had power enough not only to disregard the judicial trials, but also to subvert them and weaken their power." Distinguish _jus_, what the law ordains, or the obligations it imposes, from _lex_, a written statute or ordinance. --_quaestiones_: the _praetor urbanus_ and _praetor peregrinus_ dispensed justice in private and less important cases. In case of any magnitude the people acted as jury themselves, or appointed one or more to preside at the trial. Those appointed were called _quaesitores_ or _quaestores_. In 150 B.C. _four_ permanent praetors were appointed to aid the _praetor urbanus_ and _praetor peregimus_. One had charge of all cases of extortion; another, of bribery; another, of treason; another, of frauds against the public treasury. These four classes of trials were called _quaestiones perpetuae_. _superiora_: "former acts of yours." 6: _nunc--ferendum_: "but now that I should be wholly on your account the slave of fear, that in every, even the least rumour, Catiline should be dreaded, that no plot seems possible to be entered into, in which your villany has no share (these things, I say), are not to be endured." --_totam_: fem: referring to _patriam_. 7: _ne--opprimar_: scil. _discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe_. CHAPTER VIII. § 19.-- 1: _Impetrare_: "to obtain its request:" i.e. _ut ex urbe exeas_. 2: _quid? quod_: see note 11, § 16. 3: _custodiam_: when a person of rank was suspected of any treasonable act, he generally surrendered himself into the hands of some responsible person, to be guarded until his guilt or innocence was established. This was called _custodia libera._ 4: _apud M'_: another reading is _ad M._ The person was Manius (not Marcus) Lepidus who held the office of consulship with Volcatius Tullus B.C. 68. _domi meae_: would _domi_ with other adjectives be allowable? 5: _isdem parietibus_: here the idea of _means_ is combined with that of place: H. 425, II., 1.1. _qui--essem = quippe qui--essem_: "inasmuch as I was in great danger." _quod--contineremur_: when does _quod_ take the indicative and when the subjunctive: H. 516, I., II.? 6: _sodalem_: "your boon companion:" distinguish _socius_ (root _sec_, to follow, hence _sequor_), a follower: _consors_, a partner in lot: _comes_, a companion on a journey: _sodalis_, a boon companion. 7: _virum optimum_: probably ironical: nothing is known of him, except that he was weak and simple. 8: _videlicet_ and _scilicet_: "no doubt": both introduce an explanation with the difference, that the former generally indicates the true, the latter, the wrong explanation, though sometimes, as in the present passage, the meanings are reversed. Z. 345. 9: _ad vindicandum_: "in bringing you to punishment." _a vinculis_: the state prison which was used to detain prisoners, not for penal imprisonment in opposition to (_custodia libera_) private custody. 10: _qui_ = _quippe qui_: H., 517. § 20.-- 1: _quae cum ita sint_: see note. 2: _emori_: another reading is _morari_, antithetical to _abire_. 3: _refer ad senatum_: "bring up (the matter scil. _rem_) before the Senate." --_referre_ is the technical term to express the laying of the subject for debate before the Senate, which was done by the consul or presiding magistrate: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement of anything: _placere_, is the usual term to express the decision of the Senate. The aristocratic party had advised Catiline to go into exile, preferring that he should take this course rather than that they should have an open conflict with him. 4: _sibi--decreverit_: "shall decree by their vote." The senators voted "yea" or "nay" by saying _placet_ or _non placet_. 5: _abhorret--moribus_: "is inconsistent with my character." The fact is the Senate could not pass a sentence of exile. 6: _si--expectas_: "if it is this word (exile) you are waiting for." 7: _patiuntur--tacent_: i.e., they suffer me to use this bold language to you and still they raise no word on your behalf. 8: _quid--perspicis?_ "why do you wait for the sentence of these in words, where will you perceive, though they are silent?" § 21.-- 1: _huic_: "who is present." P. Sestius Gallus was quaestor to the consul Antonius who as _tribunus plebis_ in 57 B.C. was active for Cicero's recall from banishment. Cicero defended him in 56 B.C. in an action _de vi_. 2: _vim--intulisset_: "would have laid violent hands on me:" a species of hendiadys. Even his dignity as consul, and the sacred shrine of Juppiter Stator would not have shielded him. 3: _quiescunt probant_: _patiuntur_, _decernunt_: _tacent_, _clamant_: note these examples of _oxymoron_. 4: _cives_, scil. _idem faciunt_ i.e. _silentio probant_. The _equites_ formed the second or middle order of the Roman State. 5: _prosequantur_: those who went into voluntary exile were often accompanied to the gates by their friends. An escort is promised Catiline to express the delight in getting rid of him. CHAPTER IX. § 22.-- 1: _quamquam_: cp. +kaitoi+; "and yet," used here as a corrective particle. 2: _te_; scil. _sperandumne sit fore ut_: "is it to be expected that anything will break your resolve?" Note the emphatic positions of _te_, _tu_, _tu_, _tu_. What feelings do these interrogations express? 3: _duint_ = _dent_: often used in religious formulas. Give the construction of _utinam_: H., 483, I. 4: _animum induxeris_: Cicero uses the form _animum inducere_ (except in Pro Sulla, 30, 83) and Livy always _in animum in pucere_. 5: _quanta--impendeat_: "what a storm of unpopularity threatens me, if not at present, on account of the memory of your crimes being fresh, still in the future time." --_recenti_ = _memoria_: abl. of cause. --_in posteritatem_ = _in posterum tempus_. _impendeat_: indirect question. 6: _sed--sejungatur_: "but (the unpopularity you threaten) willingly will I undergo (literally, pays me well) provided the loss which you forbode is confined to myself and does not involve danger to the State." --_tanti_: genitive of price. The subject of _est_ is _invidiam istam mihi impendere_. 7: _ut--ut--ut_: these three clauses are explained by the three beginning with _aut, aut, aut_. --_pudor_ = +aidōs+; "a sense of shame, or modesty." § 23.-- 1: _conflare_: a metaphor taken from metals: literally, "to smelt together:" hence "to heap upon." 2: _recta_, scil. _via_: "straightway." 3: _vix--vix_: note the emphatic positions: "hard will it be for me to bear the weight of the unpopularity caused by you, if you go into exile by the order of the consul," --_sermones_: "the censure:" cp. our expression "to be the talk of the town." _feceris_: see note 4, § 6. 4: _sui--mavis_: "but if, however, you prefer to consult my praise and glory." _laus--gloria_ are originally derived from the same root CLU, "to hear:" _laus_ = _(c)lau(d)s_: _gloria = clu-oria_. 5: _exsulta--latrocinio_: "triumph in your impious bandit war." _latro_: properly a mercenary soldier who serves for pay (+latreia+): afterwards, "a brigand." _impio_: as being against his native land: cp. _pietas erga patriam_, "patriotism." § 24.-- 1: _quamquam_: see note 1, § 22. _invitem_: rhetorical question: H. 529. 2: _qui--armati?_ "to wait for you arms near Forum Amelium." _ad_ before the name of towns denotes (1) direction; (2) proximity, as in this passage. Towns were called _Fora_, by the Romans, where the praetor held his circuits for administering justice and where markets were established. The town mentioned here was in Etruria between the Armenta (_Fiora_) and Marta, not from the sea. It is now called _Monte Alto_. It derived its name from one Aurelius, who built the _Via Aurelia_ from Rome to Pisa. _praestolarentur_: the word _praestolari_, is "to wait for" said of a subordinate who performs some services for a superior. 3: _pactam--diem_: from what verb is _pactam_? --_dies_, in the sense of a "fixed day" is usually feminine. 4: _aquilam_: the same that Marius carried in his Cimbric war. Catiline fell beside it at Pistoria (Gall. Cat. C. 59). A silver eagle with extended wings, and on the top of a spear was the ensign of the whole legion. The _signa_ were the standards of the _manipuli_ and the _vexillum_ is the standard of the cavalry. 5: _cui--fuit_: "for which the secret place where you concocted your crimes was prepared in your house." The eagle was usually kept in a part of the _praetorium_ which was consecrated (_sacrarium_). 6: _tu--solebas_: scil. _credendumne sil fore_: "is it to be believed that you could any longer be without this, to which you when setting out to slaughter were wont to pay your vows?" 7: _altaribus_: only plural in classical Latin. CHAPTER X. § 25.-- 1: _haec res_: i.e. _hoc bellum contra patriam, haec civium caedes_. 2: _quandam--voluptatem_: "a kind of delight, (really) inconceivable." 3: _ad--servavit_: "it was for this mad career that nature gave you being, inclination trained you, fate reserved you:" distinguish _amentia_, and _dementia_. 4: _non modo_, for the omission of _non_ after _non modo_, see Madvig., § 461, C. When the sentence is negative, _non modo = non modo non_, the second _non_ being omitted, if both sentences have the same verb, and if the verb is contained in the second sentence, for the negative is thus considered to belong conjointly to both sentences. Z. 724., b. 5: _otium_: "peace," opposed to _bellum_. 6: _nefarium_: "unhallowed," as involving _impietas contra patriam_. 7: _nanctus es_: "you have got together." --The orator is _atque (ex) derelictis ab non modo omni fortuna, verum etiam (a) spe_. 8: _conflatam_: a metaphor taken from metals, "smelted together," hence "collected." § 26.-- 1: _hic_: i.e. _inter ejusmodi hominum gregem_. --_qua--perfruere_: "what gratification will you experience." Notice the climax in this sentence. 2: _ad--tui_: "it was for the earnest prosecution of this life that these feats of endurance, which are made so much of, were practised." --_meditari_: is used passively: as _abominatus, amplexus, confessus, detestatus, dimensus, exsecratus, moderatus, suetus_. M. 153. With _meditari_: cp. +meletan+. 3: _ad--stuprum_: "to watch for an opportunity to commit an act of debauchery." = _ad tempus stupro opportunum observandum_. The infinitive clauses _jacere, vigilare_, are in opposition with _labores_. 4: _ad--obeundum_: "to execute some daring deed." 5: _otiosorum_: "the peaceable citizens." Another reading is _occisorum_. 6: _habes--omnium_: "you have (now) an opportunity of showing the renowned endurance you have for withstanding hunger, cold, (and) a need of all things:" cp. Sallust, Cat. C., 5: _corpus potiens inediae, vigiliae, algoris, supra quam unquam credibile est_. 7: _quibus_: to be referred to _famis, frigoris, inopiae_, not to _omnium rerum_. § 27.-- 1: _tantum confeci_: "this much, I gained." 2: _quum--reppuli_: at the last election, Cicero adopted these measures especially aimed at Catiline: a bill to increase the penalty against bribery (_ambitus_); by disarranging the plans of Catiline in putting off the elections, and appearing in the Campus Martius in armour. 3: _exul--consul: latrocinium--bellum_: note the _paronomasia_. CHAPTER XI. 4: _detester ac deprecer_: both these words mean "to seek to remove anything from one, such as blame, &c., by calling the gods to witness (_testari deos_) and by imploring (_precari_) their aid." Note the middle force of these deponents. 5: _quaeso_: conjugate this verb. 6: _loquatur_: see § 18. 7: _tune_: join with _exire patiere_. 8: _evoratorum servorum_: Catiline, however, refused the help of slaves (Sallust, Cat. C., 56), though Lentulus urged him to use these. 9: _emissus--immissus_: paronomasia. 10: _hunc--duci_: what is the usual construction of _imperari_? H. 498, I. The infinitive with _imperare_ is always passive. 11: _mactari_: the official word of sacrifice, "to slay a victim." It is connected with old verb _magere_: probably "to strike:" cp. +machź+, hence "to kill." § 28.-- 1: _tandem_: cp. note 1, § 1. Cicero shews that neither precedent, nor laws, nor the judgment of future generations deter Catiline. 2: _At_: introduces the objection of an opponent: "Yes, but." Cicero refers here to the case of P. Scipio Nasica who headed the nobility against Tib. Gracchus. 3: _an leges?_ Principally the _leges Valeriae_, and _leges Porciae_. The former were proposed by (1) P. Valerius Poplicola 509 B.C. which enacted that no Roman magistrate should put to death or flog a Roman citizen if he had appealed to the people: (2) in 449 B.C. L. Valerius Potitus enacted that no magistracy should be held with an exemption from appeal: (3) in 300 B.C. M. Valerius Corvus brought in a bill sanctioning the other laws on the subject of appeal. The _leges Porciae_ were proposed by three of the _Porcii_, and exempted from stripes the persons of Roman citizens, and imposed heavy fines on any one who should scourge or kill a Roman citizen. 4: _rogatae sunt_: "have been passed." The people at the _comitia_ were _asked_ to pass a law by the presiding magistrate in the words "_velitis, jubeatis, Quirites_." Hence _rogare legem_, "to pass a bill." When the people voted _two_ ballots were usually given them, one marked with the letters U R (i.e. _uti rogas_ or "yea"), and the other with A (i.e. _antiquo, antiqua probo_, "I annul"). 5: _praeclaram gratiam_: "a fine return:" strongly ironical. 6: _hominem--cognitum_: i.e. _hominem novum_: the Romans applied the term (_novus homo_) to the first of a family who had raised himself to a consul office, _tam mature_: the _lex annalis_ enacted that no one could obtain the _quaetorship_ till he was 31; the _aedileship_ till 37; the _praetorship_ till 41; and the _consulship_ till 43. Cicero means that he obtained these offices as soon as he was eligible to hold them. 7: _propter invidiam_: "because of too disquieting fear of unpopularity." § 29.-- 1: _num--pertimescenda?_ "Is the ill-will arising from a strict and a firm discharge of duty to be feared rather than that arising from indolence and indifference." CHAPTER XII. 2: _factu_: give rules for the use of the supines: H. 547. 3: _judicarem_: this tense in the _protasis_ with the plupf. in the _apodosis_, denotes that the action is going on simultaneously. 4: _unius--horae_: "the enjoyment of a single hour." _Usura_: properly "interest" paid for the _use_ of capital. 5: _gladiatori isti_: contemptuously. 6: _etenim_: "and (well may I make this assertion), for:" cp. +kai gar+. 7: _summi viri_: referred to the _magistratus; clarissimi cives_, to the _viri privati_. 8: _honestarunt_=_decoraverunt_: "graced." § 30.-- 1: _quamquam_ = +kaitoi+, corrective: "and yet." 2: _qui--dissimulent_: "of such a character that they either are blind to those evils which threaten us, or profess blindness in regard to the things they see." _Qui_ = _tales ut_: H. 501: this explains this subjunctive. 3: _qui--aluerunt_ = _hi--aluerunt_: not to be connected with _nonnulli sunt_, as this would require _aluerint_. 4: _si--animadvertissem_: "if I had punished him,": with such a meaning understand _supplicio_: the preposition _in_ is necessary when the meaning is "to punish with an authoritative and steady hand." _regie_: "in a tyrannical manner." 5: _pervenerit_: fut. perf. 6: _paulisper--posse_: "may for a season be repressed, but cannot for ever be suppressed"; _reprimo_: to hold in check merely for a short time; _comprimo_: to completely check. 7: _se ejecerit_ scil. _ex urbe_. 8: _ceteros naufragos_: "the rest of his shipwrecked band of followers": i.e., shipwrecked in character and fortune by reason of their excesses. 9: _tam adulta pestis_: "this fully developed plague-poison": _adulta_: from root _ul, ol, al_, "high." CHAPTER XIII. § 31.-- 1: _jamdiu_: for the space of three years from the consulate of Lepidus and Tullus, 66 B.C.; _nescio quo pacto_: "in some way or other": literally, "I know not on what terms": cp. +ouk oida hontina tropon+, _nescio quo modo_. 2: _omnium--erupit_: a pregnant construction as if he had meant: "all these crimes have been a-ripening up to, and the continued career of frenzy and boldness have burst forth in, the time of my consulship." The metaphor is probably borrowed from an ulcer, bursting when ripe. 3: _ex tanto latrocinio_ = _ex tot latronum numero_, _latrocinium_ = _latrones_, cp. _servitium_ = _servi_: _conjuratio_ = _conjurati--residebit_: the metaphor is taken from a subtle poison in the system. The state is looked upon by the orator as the body, the conspiracy as the fever, and the execution of Catiline as the draught of cool water which momentarily refreshes. 4: _visceribus_: _viscera_ were the upper vitals, including the heart, lungs, liver, &c: _intestina_, were the liver vitals. Observe the force of _atque_ and the repetition of the preposition. 5: _cum--jactantur_: there is no hendiadys here, but merely an accumulation of synonymous terms. Observe the middle force of _jactantur_: "toss themselves about." 6: _biberint_: Madvig reads _biberunt_. 7: _qui est_: "which exists." --_relevatus_: "mitigated." 8: _vehementius--ingravescet_: "shall become more chronic if the others are allowed to live": _vivis reliquis_: abl. abs. § 32.-- 1: _praetoris urbani_: L. Valerius Flaccus was _Praetor Urbanus_ at this time, and the partisans of Catiline thronged around his _tribunal_ to intimidate him when delivering judgment in cases of debt. 2: _obsīd[)e]re--curiam_: "to beset the senate house in arms." Romulus divided the people into three tribes (_tribus_) and each tribe was divided into ten wards (_curiae_). Each _curia_ had a temple for the performance of its religious rites and for holding political meetings: the root is _cur_: "to be powerful;" cp. Quirites, hence, "the powerful men": +kurios, koiranos+-- _cum gladiis_ = _armati_. 3: _malleolos_: properly _malleolus_, is "a hammer," the tranverse head of which was formed for holding pitch and tow. These latter were set on fire and thrown slowly that they might not be extinguished, to ignite houses and other buildings. Translate "fire-darts." 4: _quid--sentiat_: "what his sentiments are respecting the state:" dep. quest. --_polliceor--fore_: what verbs are construed with the future infinitive? 5: _patefacta--oppressa_: note the balancing of these words, and the _asyndeton_. § 33.-- 1: _hisce ominibus_: "with these prophetic words": a kind of abl. absolute. 2: _cum--exitio_: "with the best interests of the republic (fully established), and with your own calamity and ruin (fully assured) and with the destruction of these": _cum_ here denotes an accompanying circumstance as a result or consequence of an action: z, 472. 3: _tu_: addressing the statue of Juppiter in the temple of Juppiter Stator. 4: _auspiciis_: not only temples but also statues were consecrated, by taking auspices. 5: _statorem_: "the flight staying": see note 6, § 11. A kind of rhetorical exaggeration, as the temple was only viewed by Romulus and built much later; Livy x. 37. 6: _arcebis_: with a softened imperative force: so also _mactabis_. PROPER NAMES. A Ahāla, -ae: m.: _Caius Servilius Ahala_ was master of the horse to the dictator Cincinnatus, 439 B.C. Spurius Maelius, one of the _Equites_, bought corn at a low rate and distributed it gratuitiously to the poor. By this he gained the favour of the plebeians, but incurred the enmity of the patricians. When he was summoned by the dictator to appear on the charge of aiming at royal power, he refused, and Ahala, with an armed band, rushed into the crowd where he was standing, and slew him. Cicero often praises the deed of Ahala, but it is doubtful whether it can be defended. E Etrūr[)i]a, -ae: f.: a large district of Italy, lying west and north of the Tiber. This part of Italy was generally favorable to Catiline. In it were _Faesulae_, and _Pistoria_, where Catiline fell, 62 B.C. F Faesulae, ārum: f.: now _Fiesole_, near Florentia (_Florence_), in Etruria. Here Catiline raised the standard of rebellion. F[)o]rum Aurźl[)i]um, F[)o]ri Aurźl[)i]i: n.: a town of Etruria, on the Aurelian way; now _Monte Alto_. Flaccus, -i: m.: _M. Fulvius Flaccus_ was charged with the execution of the Agrarian law of the Gracchi, and aided Tib. Gracchus to gain for all the Italians the rights of Roman citizenship. He was cited along with the consul Opimius to render an account of his conduct with regard to the revolutionary measures then proposed. This he refused to obey, and was slain along with his eldest son. Fulvius, -i: m.: see preceding. G Gracchus, -i: m.: _Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus_ and _Caius Sempronius Gracchus_ were sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and of Cornelia, Daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. The object of both brothers was to have the public lands divided and given to the poor, by allowing no one to hold more than 500 _jugera_ of land. The state was to compensate the wealthy for all the loss. Both brothers fell in the sedition that arose out of their revolutionary schemes: Tiberius in 132 B.C., and Caius in 122 B.C. I It[)a]l[)i]a, -ae: f.: Italy, a country of Southern Europe. J Jān[)u]ār[)i]us, -a, -um: adj.: of or belonging to _January_. Jupp[)i]ter, J[)o]vis: m.: Juppiter, the supreme god of Roman mythology. L Laeca, -ae: m.: _M. Porcius Laeca_, an accomplice of Catiline, who convened at his house the leading members of the conspiracy. L[)e]p[)i]dus, -i: m.: _M'. Lepidus_, consul with L. Volcatius Tullus 67 B.C. L[)e]p[)i]dus, -i: m.: _M. Lepidus_, consul with Catulus 79 B.C. M Mael[)i]us, -i: m.: _Spurius Maelius_, a Roman _Eques_, who attempted to gain regal power at Rome by securing the favour of the plebeians 449 B.C. This he tried to do by supplying corn at a low rate. He was summoned to appear before Cincinnatus, the dictator, but refused, and was slain by Ahala. Manl[)i]ānus, -a, -um: adj.: of or belonging to Manlius. Manl[)i]us, -i: m.: _Caius Manlius_, an accomplice of Catiline, and sent to Etruria to collect troops. He commanded the right wing of Catiline's army at Pistoria, and "foremost fighting fell." Marcellus, -i: m.: _Marcus Marcellus_, an accomplice and intimate friend of Catiline. M[)e]tellus, -i: m.: _Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer_, praetor in 63 B.C. He was despatched by Cicero into the Gallic and Picene districts to raise a force against Catiline. He was consul 61 B.C., and poisoned by his wife Clodia 59 B.C. N N[)o]vembris, -e: adj.: belonging to November. O Opīm[)i]us, -i: m.: _Lucius Opimius_ was consul in 122 B.C. He opposed the designs of C. Gracchus. P P[)a]lāt[)i]um, -i: n.: the Palatine hill was the largest of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus laid here the foundation of the city, and here in the imperial period were the residences of the Roman emperors. Praeneste, -is: n.: now _Palestrina_, an ancient city of Latium, 23 miles S.E. of Rome. Its citadel was remarkable for the strength of its position. R Rōma, -ae: f.: Rome, a celebrated town on the Tiber. Rōmānus, -a, -um: adj.: of or belonging to Rome: _Roman_. Rōm[)u]lus, -i: m.; the founder of Rome and king of the city from 753-715 B.C. S Sāturnīnus, -i: m.: _L. Saturninus_, a tribune of the people and a violent partisan of Marius, who abetted him in his numerous misdeeds. He is said to have caused the death of C. Memmius 102 B.C. At length, after many cruel acts, the people became aroused against him, and he was slain in the forum. Scīp[)i]o, -ōnis: m.: _P. Cornelius Scipio Nasīca_ was consul 138 B.C. His character was held in the highest estimation by his countrymen. He opposed the measures of Gracchi. After the death of Tiberius Gracchus, unpopularity overtook Scipio, and he was sent to Asia, where he died of chagrin. Servilius, -i: m.: _C. Servilius Glaucia_, a seditious and profligate individual, put to death 121 B.C. Stator: "the flight staying:" an epithet of Juppiter. T Tull[)i]us, -i: m.: _M. Tullius Cicero_. See Introduction. Tullus, -i: m.: See _M'. Lepidus_. V V[)a]lźr[)i]us, -i: m.: _L. Valerius_ a partner of Marius in the consulship, 121 B.C. ABBREVIATIONS. a. _or_ act. ....... active. abl. ......... ablative. acc. ......... accusative. adj. ......... adjective. adv. ......... adverb. cp. .......... compare. com. gen. .... common gender. comp. ........ comparative degree. conj. ........ conjunction. dat. ......... dative. def. ......... defective. dem. ......... demonstrative. dep. ......... deponent. dim. ......... diminutive. f. ........... feminine. fr. .......... from. fut. ......... future. freq. ........ frequentative. gen. ......... genitive. Gr. .......... Greek. imperat. ..... imperative. impers. ...... impersonal. inc. ......... inceptive. inch. ........ inchoative. ind. ......... indicative. indecl ....... indeclinable. indef. ....... indefinite. inf. ......... infinitive. intens. ...... intensive. interj. ...... interjection. interrog. .... interrogative. m. ........... masculine. n. ........... neuter. nom. ......... nominative. num. ......... numeral. part. ........ participle. pa. .......... participal adjective. pass. ........ passive. perf. ........ perfect. pl. .......... plural. pluperf. ..... pluperfect. pos. ......... positive degree. poss. ........ possessive. prep. ........ preposition. pres. ........ present. pret. ........ preteritive. pron. ........ pronoun. rel. ......... relative. semi-dep. .... semi-deponent. sing. ........ singular. subj. ........ subjunctive. sup. ......... superlative degree. voc. ......... vocative. = ............ equal to. _N.B._--Where the etymology is not given, the word is of very uncertain or unknown origin. VOCABULARY. [Transcriber's Note: Most verbs are given in a non-standard order, with the present active infinitive placed _after_ the other principal parts. Exceptions are mainly irregular verbs such as _eo_, _ferre_, _fio_, _volo_ and their compounds.] A ā, ab, abs, prep. with abl. (a, only before consonants; ab, before vowels and consonants). _From, away from; by_ [akin to Gr. +ap-o+]. ab-eo, īre, īi, [)i]tum, v. n. [ab, "away;" [)e]o, "to go"] _To go away, depart._ ab-horreo, horrui, no sup., horrźre, n. and a. [ab, "from;" horreo, "to dread"] _To be averse_ or _disinclined to; to be free from._ ab-sum, esse, fui, n. irreg. _To be away from; to be absent._ ab-ūtor, ūsus sum, uti, dep. n. [ab, "away from," hence "wrongly;" utor, "I use"] _To misuse, abuse._ ac, conj. (used before consonants). _And._ ācer, ācris, ācre, adj. [AC, "to sharpen"] _Sharp, severe._ āc-erb-us, a, um, adj. (ac-er) _Unripe, sour; violent._ āc-[)i]es, iźi, f. (ac-er) _An edge, point._ ācr-[)i]ter, adv. (ācer) _Strongly, sharply, keenly._ ad, prep. with acc. Locally: (a) _To, towards_. --(b) _Before_ a place. --_Up to_ a certain time. --With Gerunds or Gerundives: _For, for the purposes of._ ad-dūco, duxi, ductum, dūc[)e]re, a. [ad, "to;" duco, "I lead"] _To lead to; induce, lead._ ad-eo, adv. _So far; so long; so much._ ad-fero, ferre, attuli, allātum, irr. a. (ad; fero) _To bring to, bring._ adflic-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a., intens. (for adflig-to, fr. adflig-o). _To greatly trouble, harass, annoy._ ad-grego: see aggrego. ad-hibeo, hibui, hibitum, h[)i]bźre, a. (ad; habeo) _To apply to, to use, employ._ ad-huc, adv. _Thus far, up to this time._ ad-minister, tri, m. [ad, "to;" ministro, "to serve"] _A servant, assistant._ ad-mīror, mīratus sum; mīrari [ad, "to;" miror, "to wonder at"] dep. _To wonder at, admire._ ad-s[)e]quor, secūtus (quūtus), sequi, dep. a. _To follow, pursue._ ad-servo, servāvi, servātum, servāre [ad, "to;" servo, "to keep"] _To preserve, protect._ ad-s[)i]d[)e]o, sźdi, sessum, s[)i]dźre [ad, "near;" sedeo, "to sit"] n. (ad; sedeo) _To sit by_ or _near._ [)a]d[)u]lesc-ens, entis, m. and f. [ad, "to;" [)o]lesco, "to grow;" the root assumes the form of AL, OL, UL, in Latin as _altus, sub-oles, adultus_] _A young man_ (from the 15th or 17th until past the 30th year). [)a]d[)u]lescent-ulus, i, m., dim. (adulescens) _A young man; stripling._ [)a]dul-tus, a, um, part. (adol-esco) _Grown up, adult, full-grown._ adven-tus, ūs, m. [ad, "to;" venio, "to come"] _A coming, arrival._ aeger, gra, grum, adj. _Weak, sick._ aequus, a, um, adj. [root IK, "to make even:" cp. aequor] _Plain, smooth, even;_ aequo animo, _with great composure._ aes-tus, ūs, m. [for aed-tus: root AED, "to burn:" cp. aestas; +aithō+] _Heat._ aet-ernus, a, um, adj. [for ae (vi) ternus: root AIV, a lengthened form of I, "to go;" cp. +aiōn+] _Eternal, everlasting._ ag-gr[)e]go, gr[)e]gāvi, gr[)e]gātum, gregare, v. a. [ad; grex, _to lead to a flock_] _To assemble, collect together._ a-gnosco, gnōvi, gn[)i]tum, gnosc[)e]re, a. (for ad-gnosco, gnosco = nosco) _To recognize, to discern._ [)a]go, [)e]gi, actum, [)a]g[)e]re [AG, "to set in motion"] a. _To drive; to do, perform, effect; to treat; plead._ aio, def. [root AGH, "to say"] _To speak; to say "yes;" to affirm._ [)a]l[)i]-źnus, a, um, adj. (ali-us, belonging to the) _Belonging to another, foreign; unfriendly._ [)a]l[)i]qu-ando, adv. (aliquis, _of time, past, future, and present. At some time or other; at length._ [)a]l[)i]-qui, qua, quod, indef. pron. adj, (ali-us; qui) _Some, any._ [)a]l[)i]quid, adv. (adverbial neut. acc. of aliquis) _In some degree, somewhat._ [)a]l[)i]-quis, aliquid [fem. sing, and fem. and neut. plur. not used; alius; quis, root AL, "another:" cp. alter, +allos+: Eng. else], indef. pron. subst. _Some one, any one; something._ [)a]l[)i]quo, adv. (adverbial abl. of aliquis) _Some whither, to some place._ [)a]l[)i]-quot, indef. num. adj., indecl. (alius; quot) _Some, several._ [)a]l[)i]us, a, ud, adj, (gen. sing. al[)i]us, dat. alii) _Another, other_; alius ... alius, _one ... another._ [)a]lo, [)a]l[)u]i, [)a]l[)i]tum, or altum, al[)e]re, a. _To nourish; to foster._ altār[)i]a, ium, n. (alt-um, things pertaining to the; hence) _An altar._ āment[)i]a, ae, f. [a, prio, mens, "mind"] _Madness._ am-īcus, i, m. (amo) _A friend._ ampl-[)i]us, comp. adv. _More; longer._ am-plus, a, um, adj. [am = ambi, "around;" root PLE, "to fill;" hence _plebs, pleo, plenus_] _Abundant, full; illustrious, noble._ an, conj. _Or, whether._ [)a]n[)i]m-adverto, verti, versum, advert[)e]re, a. (animus; adverto) _To attend to; to consider, perceive_; animadvertere in aliquem, _to inflict punishment on one._ [)a]n[)i]mus, i, m. [root AU, "to breathe"] _The mind; disposition, thought._ annus, i, m. [perhaps for amnus; root AM, "to go round"] _A year._ ante, prep. with acc. _Before, in front of;_ as adverb, _before, previously._ ant-īquus, a, um, adj. [ant-e, "before"] _Ancient, old._ [)a]perte, adv. (apertus) _Openly._ [)a]pud, prep. with acc. (obs. apo, _to seize_) _Near, at, by, with._ [)a]qua, ae, f. _Water._ [)a]qu[)i]la, ae, f. [AC, "sharp," or "swift"] _The eagle; the standard of the legion._ arb[)i]tr-or, ātus sum, ari, v. dep. a. [ar = ad, "to;" bito, "to go:" hence one who approaches a cause to enquire into it] _To judge, think._ arc[)e]o, arc[)u]i, no sup., arcźre [root ARC, "to protect:" cp. arcus, +arkein+] a. _To shut up; to keep_ or _hold off._ ard[)e]o, arsi, arsum, ardźre, n. _To burn, blaze._ argent-[)e]us, a, um, adj. (argentum, pertaining to) _Of silver._ arma, ōrum, n. pl. [root AR, "to fit:" hence all things fitted on] _Arms, weapons._ armā-tus, i, m. _An armed man, a soldier._ arm-o, āvi, ātum, āre. _To furnish with arms; to arm._ aspec-tus, tūs, m. (aspic-io) _A seeing, sight._ at [old form _ast_: cp. +at-ar+], conj. _But, yet_ (to introduce a reason for a supposed objection), _but certainly, but consider._ atque or āc (the latter only before consonants), conj. _And also, and especially._ ātrox, ōcis, [a, intens.: trux, "cruel"] adj. _Horrid, terrible, frightful._ at-tendo (3), tendi, tentum, a. (ad; tendo) _To apply the mind to; to consider._ auctor, ōris, m. (augeo) _An author, contriver._ auctōr[)i]tas, ātis, f. (auctor) _Authority._ audā-c[)i]a, ae, f. (audax, the quality of the) _Audacity, insolence._ aud[)e]o, ausus sum, audźre, semidep. _To dare._ aud[)i]o, aud[)i]vi, audītum, audīre [AV, "to hear"] a. _To hear._ aur-is, is, f. (audio, _the hearing thing_) _The ear._ ausp[)i]c-[)i]um, ii, n. (auspex, _a bird inspector, diviner_, one who marks the flight and cries of birds, and then gives predictions] _Augury from birds, auspices._ aut, conj. _Or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or._ autem, conj. _But, moreover._ avus [AV, "to hear," hence "to obey," cp. obedio], i, m. _A grandfather._ B bacch-or (1), dep. n. (Bacch-us) _To revel._ b-ellum (old form du-ellum), i, n. (duo, _a contest between two parties_) _War, warfare._ b[)i]bo, bibi, no sup., b[)i]b[)e]re [root PO, "to drink;" cp. poto, +pinō+], a. _To drink._ b[)o]num, i, n. _A good thing_; in pl., _goods._ b[)o]nus, a, um, adj. (comp. melior, sup. optimus) _Good, well-disposed._ br[)e]vis, e, adj. [root FRAG, "to break"] _Little, small, short._ C caedes, is, f. [root CAD, "to fall:" cp. cado] _Slaughter._ caelum, i, n. [for cavillum; fr. cavus, "hollow"] _Heaven._ calamitas, ātis, f. [for cadamitas; root CAD, "to fall"] _Loss, calamity, disaster._ campus, i, m. [root SCAP, "to dig:" cp. +kźpos+] _A plain, field._ c[)a]p[)i]o, cźpi, captum, c[)a]p[)e]re [root CAP, "to hold"] a. _To take_; consilium capere, _to form a plan_. carcer, [)e]ris, m. [root ARC, "to enclose:" cp. ark] _A prison._ c[)a]r[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, źre, n. _To be without._ cārus, a, um, adj. [for camrus: cam, "to love:" amare = (c)amare] _Dear, precious._ castrum, i, n. [for scadtrum: SCAD, "to cover:" Eng. shed] _A castle, fort_; in pl., castra, ōrum, n. _a camp_. cā-sus, sūs, um. (for cad-sus, fr. cad-o, "to fall") _Accident, chance._ causa, ae, f. _A cause, reason._ cźdo, cessi, cessum, cźd[)e]re, n. _To go; to yield._ certź, adv. (certus) _Certainly._ cer-tus, a, um, adj. (cer-no) _Decided, fixed, definite._ cźterus, a, um, (the nom. sing, masc. not in use), adj. _The other, the rest, the remainder._ circum-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūd[)e]re (circum; claudo). _To shut in, enclose._ circum-sto, steti, no sup., stāre, n. or a. _To stand around._ cīvis, is, com. gen. [root CI, "to lie," or "dwell:" hence "a dweller"] _A citizen._ cīv-itas, ātis, f. (id., the condition or state of the; gen. pl., ium and um) _Citizenship; a state._ clāmo, clāmāvi, clāmātum, clām[)a]re [root CAL, "to shout"] n. and a. _To call, shout aloud._ clārus, a, um, adj. [root KAL. "to call"] _Clear, renowned._ clź-mens, mentis, adj. (clino, _to bend_; mens, _having the heart bent_) _Mild, kind._ coepi, coepisse, a. or n. def. (contracted fr. co-apio, fr. con; apo, _to seize_) _To begin._ co-erceo, ui, itum, ercere, a. (con; arceo, _to shut up_) _To surround, restrain, check._ coe-tus, tūs, m. [con, "together:" eo, "to go"] _A coming together; an assemblage, company._ cō-gito, gitāvi, g[)i]tātum, g[)i]t[)a]re [co = con, "together:" agito, "to set in motion"] _To weigh thoroughly in the mind; to think over; reflect upon; plan._ co-gnosco, gnōvi, gnitum, gnosc[)e]re, a. [co (= cum), in augmentative sense; gnosco = nosco, "to become acquainted with"] _To know._ col-ligo, lźgi, lectum, l[)i]g[)e]re [col (= cum), in an augmentative sense; lego, "to gather"] _To gather or collect together._ col-loco, a. (con; loco) _To lay, place._ c[)o]lōn-[)i]a, ae, f. [root COL, "to till;" cp. colo] _A colony, settlement._ c[)o]m-e-s, [)i]tis, com. gen. (con; eo, _one who goes with another_) _A companion._ c[)o]m-[)i]-t[)i]um, ii, n. (con; i, root of eo, _a coming together_) _The Comitium_, i.e. the place where the Romans assembled to vote; in pl., _the comitia_, i.e. _the assembly itself_, hence _election_. commendā-t[)i]o, t[)i]ōnis, f. (commend[a]-o) _A recommendation, praise._ com-mitto, mīsi, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. (con; mitto, _to cause to go together_) _To commit._ com-m[)o]v[)e]o, mōvi, mōtum, m[)o]vźre, a. (con; moveo) _To move, rouse._ com-mūnis, e, adj. [com = cum; munis, "serving"] _Common, general._ com-p[)a]ro, p[)a]rāvi, p[)a]rātum, p[)a]rār[)i], v. a. [com = cum; paro, "to prepare"] _To make ready._ com-p[)e]rio, p[)e]ri, pertum, perīre, a. (cum; root per, akin to perior, _to go through_) _To discover._ comp[)e]t-ītor, ōris, m. [com = cum; peto, "to seek;" hence to seek office] _A rival, competitor._ com-plūres, a, and ia, adj. (con; plus) _Several together, very many._ com-pr[)e]hendo, pr[)e]hendi, pr[)e]hensum, prehendere [com = cum; intensive: prehendo, "to seize"] _To lay hold of, arrest._ com-pr[)i]mo, pressi, pressum, prim[)e]re, a. (con; premo) _To press together; to hinder, check._ cōnā-tus, tūs, m. _An attempt._ con-cźdo, cessi, cessum, cźd[)e]re, n. or a. _To depart, withdraw._ conc[)i]-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (conci-eo, _to urge_) _To rouse up, excite._ con-c[)u]pi-sco, c[)u]pīvi or c[)u]pii, c[)u]p-ītum, c[)u]pisc[)e]re, a. inch, (con; cupi-o) _To be very desirous of; to long for._ concur-sus, sūs, m. [for concurr-sus, fr. concurr-o, the action of) _A running, flocking together; a concourse._ con-demno, demnāvi, demnātum, demnāre, v. a. [con = cum, intensive; damnum, "loss"] a. (con; damno) _To condemn._ con-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, lātum, a. [con = cum, intensive; fero, "to bring" or "bear"] _To bring; to carry; to direct; to arrange._ confes-tim, adv. _Immediately._ con-ficio, fźci, fectum, f[)i]c[)e]re, a, (con; facio) _To prepare, complete; to exhaust._ con-fīdo, fīsus sum, fīd[)e]re, n. or a. semi-dep. _To trust; to believe certainly._ con-firmo, firmāvi, firmātum, firmāre. _To strengthen; to assure._ con-flāgro, flāgrāvi, flāgrātum, flāgrāre [con = cum, in an augmentative; FLAG, "to burn;" cp. flamma (= flag-ma)] _To be on fire, to burn up._ con-flo, flāre, flāvi, flātum. _To blow together, kindle; to excite._ con-gr[)e]go, gr[)e]gāvi, gr[)e]gātum, gr[)e]gāre, a. (con; grex) _To flock together, assemble, unite._ con-j[)i]c[)i]o, jźci, jectum, j[)i]c[)e]re, a. (con; jacio) _To hurl, send, cast._ con-jungo, junxi, junctum, jung[)e]re, a. _To join together, unite, associate._ conjūrā-t[)i]o, ōnis, f. (conjūr[a]-o, the action of) _An agreement; conspiracy, plot._ conjūrā-tus, m. (id.) _A conspirator._ conl: see coll. cōnor, ātus sum, āri, dep. _To undertake, attempt._ consc[)i]entia, ae, f. (consciens, _conscious_) _Consciousness, knowledge_ con-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrīb[)e]re, a. _To write together_ (in a list); _to enroll._ con-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scr[)i]b[)e]re, a. _To write together_ (in a list); _to enroll._ conscrip-tus, a, um, part. (for scrib-tus, fr. conscrib-o) As noun, m. (sc. pater) _a senator_; patres conscripti, _the old senators together with those who were afterwards admitted_ (enrolled) _into its ranks_; originally, patres et conscripti, _senators_. consen-s[)i]o, ōnis, f. (con-sentio) _Unanimity, agreement._ consensus, ūs, m. [id.] _Unanimity, agreement._ con-servo, servāvi, servātum, servāre, a. _To preserve._ cons[)i]li[)u]m, ii, n. _Deliberation, counsel; plan, purpose; council._ con-sp[)i]c[)i]o, spexi, spectum, sp[)i]c[)e]re, a. (con; specio, _to look_) _To observe, behold._ con-st[)i]t[)u]o, st[)i]t[)u]i, st[)i]tūtum, st[)i]t[)u]ere, a. (con; statuo) _To place; to erect; to arrange, settle, agree upon; to appoint._ con-stringo, strinxi, strictum, string[)e]re, a. _To draw, bind together; to hold, hold fast._ consul, [)u]lis, m. _A consul_, one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman state, chosen yearly after the expulsion of the kings. cons[)u]l-āris, e, adj. (consul) _Of_ or _pertaining to a consul; consular_; as noun, m., _ex-consul; one of the rank of consul._ cons[)u]l-ātus, ūs, m. (consul) _The consulship._ cons[)u]l-o, [)u]i, tum, [)e]re, n. or a. _To consider, consult_; consulere alicui, _to take counsel for some one_; consulere aliquem, _to ask the advice of some one_. consul-tum, i, n. (con-sulo) _A decree, decision._ con-tā-m[)i]no, a. (for con-tag-mino; fr. con; tag, root of tango) _To defile, contaminate._ conten-tus, a, um, part. (contineo) _Contented, satisfied._ con-t[)i]n[)e]o, t[)i]n[)u]i, tentum, t[)i]nźre, a. (con; tene) _To hold together; to keep in, restrain, confine._ con-tingo, t[)i]gi, tactum, ting[)e]re, a. (con; tango) _To touch, take hold of; to happen._ contrā, adv. and prep. with acc. _Against, contrary to._ contumźl-[)i]a, ae, f. (obsolete contumźl-us, _swelling greatly_) _Abuse, insult, disgrace; reproach._ con-v[)e]n[)i]o, vźni, ventum, v[)e]nīre, n. or a. _To assemble_; used impersonally, _it is suitable, proper_. con-vinco, vīci, victum, vinc[)e]re, a. _To convict._ con-v[)o]co, v[)o]cāvi, v[)o]cātum, v[)o]cāre, a. [con, "together;" voco, "to call"] _To convoke, assemble._ cō-p-[)i]a, ae, f. (contracted fr. co-op-ia, fr. con; ops) _Abundance; wealth, riches; forces, troops_ (generally in plural with the latter two meanings). corpus, [)o]ris, n. _A body, corpse._ cor-r[)i]go, rexi, rectum, rīg[)e]re, a. (con; rego) _To make straight; to improve, correct._ cor-rōb[)o]ro, a. (con; rōb[)o]ro, _to strengthen_) _To strengthen; to corroborate, support._ corrupt-źla, ae, f. (corru[m]po) _That which corrupts; a corruption, seduction: seductive arts._ cot-ī-dīź, adv. (quot; (i); die, abl. of dies) _Daily._ crźdo, d[)i]di, d[)i]tum, crźd[)e]re n. or a. _To trust in, believe; to think, suppose._ cresco, crźvi, crźtum, cresc[)e]re, n. [root CRE, "to make grow;" cp. creo] _To grow, increase._ crūdźl[)i]-ter, adv. (crudźlis, _cruel_) _Cruelly._ cum, prep, with abl. _With._ cum. _When, since, though._ c[)u]m[)u]l-o, a. (cumul-us) _To accumulate; to complete; to increase._ cunctus, a, um, adj. (contracted from conjunctus) _The whole, all._ cupīd-[)i]tas, ātis, f. (cupidus) _Desire; passion; eagerness; avarice._ c[)u]p-[)i]dus, a, um, adj. (cup-io) _Longing, desirous._ c[)u]p[)i]o, īvi or ii, ītum, c[)u]p[)e]re, a. and n. _To long for, desire._ cur, adv. _Why?_ cur-a, ae, f. (for caer-a, fr. caero, old form of quaero) _Trouble, care._ cūr[)i]a, ae, f. [root CUR, "to be strong;" cp. +kurios, kurein+] _Senate-house._ custōd[)i]-a, ae, f. (custod-io) _Watch, guard, custody._ custōd-[)i]o, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (cus-tos) _To watch, guard._ custos, ōdis, com. gen. _A guard, protector._ D de, prep, with abl. _From; concerning, on account of._ dź-b[)e]o, b[)u]i, b[)i]tum, bźre, a. (de; habeo) _To have from; to owe; to be in duty bound to, ought, must._ dź-cerno, crźvi, crźtum, cern[)e]re, a. _To decide, decree._ dźclīnā-t[)i]o, ōnis, f. (declin[a]-o) _A turning aside; a departure; an avoiding, shunning._ d[)e]-d[)e]cus, [)o]ris, n. _Disgrace, dishonor._ dź-fendo, fendi, fensum, fend[)e]re, a. _To ward off; to defend, guard._ dź-f[)i]c[)i]o, fźci, fectum, f[)i]c[)e]re, a. or n. (de: facio) _To leave; to desert, revolt._ dź-fīgo, fixi, fixum, fīg[)e]re, a. _To fix down; to drive; to plunge._ de-inde, adv. _After this, next, then._ dźlec-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (dźlic-io, _to allure_) _To delight, please._ dźl[)e]o, źvi, źtum, źre, a. _To destroy, annihilate._ dź-l[)i]go, lźgi, lectum, l[)i]g[)e]re, a. (de; lego) _To choose out, select._ dź-migro, migrāvi, migrātum, migrāre, n. _To migrate from; to emigrate; to depart._ dźn[)i]que, adv. _At length, finally; in a word, briefly._ dź-pōno, p[)o]s[)u]i, p[)o]s[)i]tum, pōn[)e]re, a. _To lay down; to lay aside._ dź-pr[)e]cor, pr[)e]cātus sum, pr[)e]cāre, dep. (de; precor, _to pray_) _To avert by prayer; to avert._ dź-r[)e]linquo, līqui, lictum, r[)e]linqu[)e]re, a. _To abandon, desert._ dź-scrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrīb[)e]re, a. _To mark off, to divide._ dź-sīd[)e]ro, sīd[)e]rāvi, sīd[)e]rātum, sīd[)e]rāre, v. a. _To long for, desire; to miss; to regret, require._ dź-signo, signāvi, signātum, signāre, v. a. (de; signo, _to mark_) _To mark out, designate; to elect._ dź-s[)i]no, sīvi or s[)i]i, s[)i]tum, s[)i]n[)e]re, a. and n. _To leave off, cease.._ dź-sisto, st[)i]ti, st[)i]tum, n. _To desist._ dź-sum, esse, f[)u]i. n. _To be away, to fail, be wanting._ dź-testor, testātus sum, testāri, dep. (de; testor, _to be a witness_) _To curse; to deprecate._ dźtrī-mentum, i, n. (for deter-[i]mentum fr. deter-o, _that which rubs off_) _Loss, damage._ deus, i, m. _A god._ dź-v[)o]v[)e]o, vōvi, vōtum, v[)o]v[)e]re, a. _To vow, devote._ dexter, t[)e]ra, t[)e]rum, and tra, trum, adj. _Right, on the right_; dextra, ae, f., _the right hand_. dīco, dixi, dictum, dīc[)e]re, a. [DIC, "to point out"] _To say, assert._ d[)i]es, źi, m. (in sing. sometimes f.) _A day_; in dies, _from day to day, daily_ (with an idea of increase). diff[)i]cul-tas, ātis, f. (for difficil-tas, fr. difficil-is, the state or condition of) _Difficulty, perplexity._ dignus, a, um, adj. [root DIC, "to point out"] _Worthy._ dīl[)i]g-ens, entis, part, (dilig-o) _Careful, diligent._ dīl[)i]gen-ter, adv. (diligens) _Attentively, diligently, earnestly._ dīligent-[)i]a, ae, f. (diligens, the quality of the) _Diligence._ dī-mitto, mīsi, missum, m[)i]tt[)e]re, a. _To dismiss._ dīrep-t[)i]o, ōnis, f. (for dirap-tio. fr. dirap, true root of dirip-io) A _plundering, pillaging._ dis-cźdo, cessi, cessum, cźd[)e]re, n. _To depart._ dis-cerno, crźvi, crźtum, cern[)e]re, a. _To separate, divide._ disces-sus, sus, m. (for disced-sus, fr. disced-o, the action of) _A departure._ disc[)i]pl-īna, ae, f. (for discipul-ina, fr. discipul-us, a thing pertaining to the) _Instruction; science, skill; custom, method, discipline._ diss[)i]m[)u]l-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (dissimil-is) _To pretend a thing is not what it is; to dissemble._ diss[)o]lū-tus, a, um, part. (for dissolv-tus, fr. dissolv-o) _Lax, remiss, negligent._ dis-tr[)i]b[)u]o, tribui, tribūtum, tr[)i]b[)u][)e]re, a. _To distribute._ d[)i]-u, adv. (di-es) _A long time, long._ do, d[)a]re, d[)e]di, d[)a]tum, a. _To give, give up._ d[)o]l-or, ōris, m. (dol-eo) _Pain, sorrow._ d[)o]mes-t[)i]cus, a, um, adj. (dom-s) _Domestic, private._ d[)o]mus. ūs and i (domi, loc.), f. _A house, abode_; domi, _at home_. d[)u]b-[)i]to, [)i]tāvi, [)i]tātum, [)i]tāre, n. intens. (primitive form du-bo, fr. du-o, _to vibrate to and fro_) _To doubt, hesitate._ dūco, duxi, ductum, dūc[)e]re, a. _To lead, conduct._ dum, conj. _While, as long as, until, if._ d[)u]o, ae, o, card. num. adj. _Two._ d[)u]od[)e]c[)i]m-us, a, um, ord. num. adj. (duodecim) _The twelfth._ dux, d[)u]cis, com. gen. (dūco) _A leader, commander, general._ E ź, prep, with abl.; see ex. ec-quis, quod (ec = e; quis), inter. subst. pron. _Whether any? any one? any thing?_ źd-ūco, duxi, ductum, dūc[)e]re, a. _To lead forth._ ef-f[)e]ro, ferre, ext[)u]li, źlātum, a. irr. (ex; fero) _To bring forth; to lift up, exalt._ effrźnā-tus, a, um, part, (effren[a]-o, _to unbridle_) _Unbridled._ ef-f[)u]g[)i]o, fūgi, no sup., f[)u]g[)e]re, (ex; fugio), n. or a. _To flee away; escape, avoid._ [)e]go, pers. pron. I. ź-gr[)e]d[)i]or, gressus sum, gr[)e]di, dep. (ex; gradior) _To go out._ ź-j[)i]c[)i]o, jźci, jectum, j[)i]c[)e]re, a. (e; jacio) _To drive out; to expel, banish._ ź-lābor, lapsus sum, lābi, dep. _To slip_ or _glide away._ ź-lūdo, lūsi, lūsum, lūd[)e]re, a. _To delude, deceive, cheat._ ź-mitto, mīsi, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. _To send forth._ ź-m[)o]r[)i]or, mortuus sum, m[)o]ri, dep. _To die quite; to perish._ [)e]nim, conj. _For_; etenim, _for, you see_. [)e]o, īre, [)i]vi or [)i]i, [)i]tum, n. _To go._ [)e]ōdem, dat. of idem, used adverbially. _To the same place._ [)e]qu-e-s, [)i]tis, m. (for equ-i-[t]-s, fr. equ-us) _A horseman; a horse soldier_; in pl., _cavalry_; equites, the order of _knights_. ź-r[)i]pi[)o], r[)i]p[)u]i, reptum, r[)i]p[)e]re, a. (e; rapio) _To snatch; to remove, take away._ ź-rumpo, rūpi, ruptum, rump[)e]re, n. _To break out, sally forth._ et, conj. _And_; et ... et, _both ... and, not only ... but also_. [)e]t[)e]nim: see enim. [)e]t[)i]am, conj. _And also, besides; and even, yet, indeed._ ź-verto, verti, versum, vert[)e]re, a. _To overthrow; to subvert, destroy._ źv[)o]cā-tor, ōris, m. (evoc[a]o) _The one who calls forth_ (to arms); _summoner_. źx or ź (e only before consonants). _Out of, from; immediately after; on account of._ exaud[)i]o, audīvi, audītum, audīre, a. _To hear distinctly._ ex-c[)i]do, cidi, no sup., c[)i]d[)e]re, n. (ex-cado) _To fall out_ or _down_;_ to slip out_. ex-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūd[)e]re, a. (ex; claudo) _To exclude._ ex-[)e]o, īre, [)i]i, [)i]tum, n. _To go forth, depart._ ex-erc[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, ercźre, a. (ex; arceo) _To drive on, exercise._ ex-haur[)i]o, hausi, haustum, haurīre, a. _To draw out; take away; to drain._ ex-īstimo, ist[)i]māvi, ist[)i]mātum, ist[)i]māre. _To judge, consider._ ex[)i]-t[)i]um, ii, n. (exi, true root of exeo) _Destruction, ruin._ exsl[)i]-[)i]um, ii, n. (for exsul-ium, fr. exsul, the condition of an) _Banishment, exile._ ex-sisto, st[)i]ti, st[)i]tum, sist[)e]re, n. _To step forth; to appear; to be, exist._ ex-specto, spectāvi, spectātum, spectāre, a. _To await, expect._ ex-stinguo, stinxi, stinctum, sting[)e]re, a. (ex; stinguo, _to extinguish_) _To put out; extinguish, destroy._ ex-sul, [)u]lis, com. gen. (ex; solum; _one who is banished from his native soil_) _An exile._ ex-sulto, tāvi, tātum, tāre, n. intens. (for ex-salto, fr. exsal, true root of exsil-io) _To leap; exult, rejoice._ ex-torqueo, torsi, tortum, torquźre, a. _To wrench out, wrest away_. extrā, adv. and prep. with acc. _Outside of, beyond._ F f[)a]c[)i]l-e, adv. (facil-is) _Easily, readily._ f[)a]c-[)i]nus, [)o]ris, n. (fac-io, _the thing done_) _A deed; a bad deed._ f[)a]c-[)i]o, fźci, factum, f[)a]c[)e]re, a.; pass., fīo, fieri, factus sum. _To make, do, perform; to cause._ falc-ār[)i]us, [)i]i, m. (falx) _A scythe-maker._ fallo, f[)e]felli, falsum, fall[)e]re, a. _To deceive; to escape the notice._ fal-sus, a, um, part. (for fall-sus, fr. fall-o) _Deceptive; false, untrue._ fāma, ae, f. _Report, rumour; fame, reputation; infamy, ill-fame._ fāmes, is, f. _Hunger, famine._ f[)a]-t[)e]or, fassus sum, f[)a]tźri, dep. a. (f[a]-or) _To confess._ fauces, [)i]um, f. pl. _The throat; a narrow way, defile,_ fax, f[)a]cis, f. _A torch._ fźbris, is, f. [ferveo, "to burn"] _Fever._ f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, lātum, a. irreg. [roots are FER and TUL. The second root has the form TOL, TLA, TAL. The supine _latum_ = _tlatum_ is from this latter root] _To bear, carry; to get, receive; to suffer, endure; to say, report, relate._ ferrum, i, n. _Iron, an iron weapon, a sword._ fīnis, is [for fidnis; root FID, root of findo, "to divide"] m. and f. _A limit, end._ fīo (pass, of facio), fieri, factus sum. _To be done; to become._ firm-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (firmus) _To make firm; to strengthen._ firmus, a, um, adj. _Strong._ flāg[)i]t-[)i]ūm, ii, n. (flagit-o) _A shameful or disgraceful act; shame_ foed-us, [)e]ris, n. (for fidus, fr. fido; _a trusting_) _A league, treaty._ f[)o]re = futurus esse. fort-as-se, adv. (for forte; an; sit) _Perhaps._ fortis, e, adj. _Courageous, brave._ fort-[)i]tūdo, [)i]nis, f. (fortis) _Firmness, courage, resolution._ fort-ūna, ae, f. (fors, that which belongs to) _Chance, fortune_; in pl., _property_. f[)o]rum, i, n. [akin to root PER, POR, "to go through;" cp. +poros+] _The marketplace; Forum_, which was a long open space between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills, surrounded by porticoes and the shops of bankers; _a market town, mart_. frango, frźgi, fractum, frang[)e]re, a. [root FRAG, "to break"] _To break; to subdue._ fr[)e]quent-[)i]a, ae, f. [root FARC, "to cram"] _An assembly, multitude, concourse._ frīgus, [)o]ris, n. _Cold._ frons, frontis, f. _The forehead, brow._ f[)u]g-a, ae, f. (fug-io) _Flight._ fūnes-tus, a, um, adj. (for funer-tus; fr. funus, _death_) _Causing death; fatal, destructive._ f[)u]r[)i]-ōsus, a, um, adj. (furi-ae) _Full of madness; raging, furious._ f[)u]r-or, ōris, m. (fur-o) _A raging, madness._ G gaud[)i]um, [)i]i, n. (gaudeo) _Gladness, delight, pleasure._ g[)e]l-[)i]dus, a, um, adj. (gel-o, _to freeze_) _Icy cold._ gen-s, tis, f. (gen-o = gigno, _to beget; that which is begotten_) _A clan; a tribe, nation._ gl[)a]d[)i]-ātor, ōris, m. (gladi-us, one using a) _A swordsman; a gladiator._ gl[)a]di[)u]s, [)i]i, m. _A sword._ glōr-[)i]a, ae, f. (akin to clarus) _Glory._ grād-us, ūs, m. (grad-ior, _to walk_) _A step; a degree._ grāt-[)i]a, ae, f. (grat-us, the quality of the) _Regard, love; gratitude; thanks._ gr[)a]vis, e, adj. _Heavy; severe; grave, impressive; venerable._ gr[)a]v-[)i]ter, adv. _Violently, severely._ H h[)a]b[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, h[)a]bźre, a. _To have, hold; to do, perform, make; to give._ h[)a]b-[)i]to, [)i]tāvi, [)i]tātum, [)i]tāre, intens., a. and n. (hab-eo) _To inhabit; live; to stay._ haereo, haesi, haesum, haerźre, n. _To stick, adhere._ hebe-sco, no perf., no sup., sc[)e]re, n. inch. (hebe-o, _to be blunt_) _To be dull._ hīc, haec, hoc, pron. demonstr. _This._ hic-ce, intensive form of hic. hīc, adv. _Here._ h[)o]mo, [)i]nis, com. gen. _A human being; man or woman; person._ h[)o]nest-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To adorn; to honor._ hones-tus, a, um, adj. (for honor-tus, fr. honor) _Regarded with honor; honored, noble._ h[)o]nor (os), ōris. m. _Honor; official dignity, office._ hōra, ae, f. _An hour._ horr-[)i]b[)i]lis, e, adj. (horr-eo, _to be trembled at_) _Terrible, fearful, horrible._ hortor, ātus sum, āre, dep. _To strongly urge, exhort._ hostis, is, com. gen. _An enemy._ h[)u]mus, i, f. _The ground_; humi (loc.), _on the ground_. I īdem, eadem, idem, pron. (root i, suffix dem) _The same._ īdūs, uum, f. pi. _The Ides._ [)i]g[)i]tur, conj. _Then; therefore, accordingly; well then._ i-gnōmin-ia. ae, f. (for in-gno-min-ia; fr. in, gnomen = nomen, _a depriving of one's good name_) _Disgrace, ignominy._ i-gnō-ro, a. (for in-gno-ro; fr. in, _not_; GNO, root of gnosco = nosco) _Not to know, to be ignorant of._ ille, a, ud, pron. demonstr. _That; he, she, it._ ill[)e]c-[)e]bra, ae, f. (for illac-ebra, fr. illac, true root of illic-o, _to allure_) _An enticement, allurement._ illust-ro, a. [in, LUC, "to shine:" cp. lux] _To light up, illumine; to make clear._ immān-[)i]tas, ātis, f. (immanis, _huge_) _Hugeness, enormity._ im-min[)e]o, no perf., no sup. m[)i]nźre, n. (in, mineo, _to hang over_) _To border upon, be near, impend._ im-mitto, mīsi, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. (in; mitto) _To send into; to let loose._ immo, adv. (etym. dub.) _On the under side, on the reverse; on the contrary; no indeed, by no means; yes indeed._ im-mortālis, e, adj. (in; mortalis, _mortal_) _Immortal._ imp[)e]d-[)i]o, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (in; pes, _to get the feet in something_) _To hinder, prevent._ im-pend[)e]o, no perf., no sup., pendźre, n. (in; pendeo, _to hang_) _To hang over; to impend, threaten._ imp[)e]rā-tor, ōris, in. (imper-[a]-o) _A general; chief._ im-p[)e]rītus, a, um, adj. (in; perītus, _skilled_) _Inexperienced, ignorant._ imp[)e]r-[)i]um, i, n. (imper-o) _Authority, power, empire, government._ im-p[)e]ro, p[)e]rāv[)i], p[)e]rātum, p[)e]rāre. a. (in; patro, _to bring, to pass_) _To accomplish; obtain._ imp[)e]tus, ūs, m. (impeto, _to attack_) _An attack._ im-p[)i]us, a, um, adj. (in; pius, _pious_) _Not pious, irreverent, unpatriotic._ im-portū-nus, a, um, adj. (for _in-portu-nus_, fr. in; portus) _Unsuitable; savage; dangerous._ im-pr[)o]bus, a, um, adj. (in; probus) _Wicked, base._ im-pūnītus, a, um, adj. (in; punitus, _punished_) _Not punished; unpunished._ in, prep, with acc. and abl. _In, into, against_; of time, _up to, for, into, through_; with ablative, _in, upon, on_. [)i]nānis, e, adj. _Empty, void._ incend-[)i]um, ii, n. (incend-o) _A burning, conflagration, fire._ in-clūdo, clūsi, clūsum, clūd[)e]re, a. _To shut up; to include._ in-crźd[)i]bilis, e, adj. _Incredible, extraordinary._ increpo, (āvi) ui, (ātum) [)i]tum, āre, n. and a. _To make a noise._ in-dūco, duxi, ductum, dūc[)e]re, a. _To introduce; to lead into, persuade._ in-[)e]o, īre, [)i]i, [)i]tum, n. or a. _To go into, enter; begin._ inert-[)i]a, ae, f. (inners, the quality of the) _Want of skill; inactivity._ in-f[)e]ro, ferre, intūi, illātum, a. irr. _To produce, make; to bring, put_, or _place upon_. infestus, a, um, adj. _Hostile, dangerous._ infiti-or, dep. (infiti-ae, _denial_) _To deny._ in-flammo, flammāvi, flammātum, flammāre, a. _To set on fire._ in-gr[)a]vesco, no perf., no sup., gr[)a]vesc[)e]re, n. _To grow heavy; to grow worse._ [)i]n-[)i]mīcus, a, um, adj. (in; amicus) _Unfriendly_; as noun, m., _a private enemy_. [)i]n[)i]t[)i]-o, a. (initi-um) _To begin, to initiate, consecrate._ injūr[)i]-a, ae, f. (injuri-us, _injurious_) _Injury, wrong_; injuriā, as adv., _unjustly_. inl: see ill. [)i]n[)o]p-[)i]a, ae, f. (inops) _Need._ inquam, def. verb. _To say._ inr: see irr. inscrībo, scripsi, scriptum, scrīb[)e]re, a. _To write upon; to inscribe; to impress upon._ ins[)i]d-[)i]ae, ārum, f. pl. (insid-eo, _to sit in_) _An ambush, ambuscade; plot treachery._ ins[)i]d[)i]-or, atus sum, ari, dep. (insidiae) _To wait for, expect; to plot against._ intel-lego, lexi, lectum, l[)e]g[)e]re, a. (inter: lego, _to choose between_) _To perceive, understand._ in-tendo, tendi, tentum, tend[)e]re, and tensum, a. _To stretch out; to strive; to aim at._ inter, prep, with acc. _Between, among._ inter-cźdo, cessi, cessum, cźd[)e]re, n. _To go_ or _come between; to intervene_. inter-f[)i]c[)i]o, fźci, fectum, f[)i]c[)e]re, a. (inter; facio) _To destroy; to kill._ int[)e]r[)i]-tus, ūs, m. (intereo) _Destruction; death._ inter-r[)o]go, r[)o]gāvi, r[)o]gātum, r[)o]gāre, a. _To ask, inquire._ inter-sum, esse, fui, n. irr. _To be between; to differ_; interest, impers., _it interests_. intes-tīnus, a, um, adj. (for intus-tinus, fr. intus) _Internal; intestine, civil._ intrā, prep, with acc. _Within, in._ in-ūro, ussi, ustum, ūr[)e]re, a. _To burn into; to brand._ in-v[)e]nio, vźni, ventum, v[)e]nīre, a. _To come upon, find._ inv[)i]d-[)i]ā, ae, f. (invid-us, _an envier_) _Envy, jealousy, unpopularity._ invīto, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To ask, invite, summon._ i-pse, a, um, pron. demonstr. (for i-pse; fr. is and suffix pse) _Himself, herself, itself; he, she, it; very._ ir-rźt[)i]-o, vi, ītum, īre, a. (for in-ret-io, fr. in; ret-e, _a net_) _To ensnare, captivate._ is, ea, id. pron. demonstr. _This, that; he, she, it; such._ is-te, ta, tud, pron. demonstr. (is; suffix te) _This of yours; this, that; that fellow, that thing_ (used with contempt). [)i]ta, adv. _In this way; so, thus._ J j[)a]c[)e]o, ui, jac[)i]tum, źre, n. _To lie; to lie down._ jac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. freq. (jac-io) _To throw; to toss about; to boast, vaunt._ jam, adv. _Now, already_; jamdūdum, _a long time since, long ago_ (with a present tense, giving the force of the perfect brought down to the present time); jam-prīdem, adv. _long time ago, for a long time_. j[)u]b[)e]o, jussi, jussum, j[)u]bźre, a. _To command, order, bid._ jū-cundus, a, um, adj. (for juv-cundus, fr. juv-o) _Pleasant, agreeable, pleasing._ jūd[)i]c-[)i]um, ii, n. (judic-o) _A judging; a judgment; a sentence._ jū-dico, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (jus; d[)i]co) _To judge; to think._ jungo, junxi, junctum, jung[)e]re, a. _To join, unite._ jū-s, jūris, n. (akin to root ju, _to join_) _Law, right, justice_; jure, _justly_. jus-sū, m. (only in abl. sing.; jubeo) _By command._ jus-tus, a, um, adj. (for jur-tus, fr. jus) _Just, right._ L lābefac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (labefacio) _To cause to totter; to injure, ruin; to imperil._ l[)a]bor, ōris, m. _Labor, toil._ laet-[)i]t[)i]a, ae, f. (laet-us) _Joy, gladness._ lātro, (a short or long), ōnis, m. _A robber, highwayman._ latrōcīn-[)i]um, ii, n. (latro) _Highway robbery, plundering._ laus, laudis, f. _Praise, fame, honor._ lect[)u]-lus, i, m. dim. (for lecto-lus, fr. lecto, stem of lectus) _A little couch, bed._ lźnis, e, adj. _Soft, gentle, mild._ lex, lźgis, f. (= leg-s, fr. lźg-o; _that which is read_) _A law._ līber, [)e]ra, [)e]rum, adj. _Free, unrestrained._ līb[)e]r-i, ōrum, m. pl. (liber) _Children._ līb[)e]r-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (id.) _To make free; to free._ lib-īdo, [)i]nis, f. (lib-et) _Desire; passion, lust._ l[)i]cet, [)u]it, itum est, źre, imp. _It is permitted; one may_ or _can_. l[)o]cus, i, m. _A place_ (in pl., loci or loca). long-e, adv. (long-us) _Far off; greatly, much; by far._ l[)o]quor, l[)o]cūtus sum, l[)o]qui, dep. _To speak, say._ lux, lūcis, f. (= luc-s, fr. luc-eo, _to shine_) _Light; the light of day, daylight._ M māch[)i]n-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (machin-a, _a device_) _To contrive, devise; to plot._ mac-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for mag-to, fr. obsolete mag-o, of same root as found in mag-nus) _To venerate, honor; to kill, slay; to immolate; to destroy._ m[)a]-gis, adv. _More._ mag-nus, a, um, adj. (comp. major, sup. maximus; root mag) _Great_; majores, _ancestors_. māj-or, us, adj. comp. (magnus) mall[)e][)o]-lus, i, m. dim. (malleus, _a hammer_) _A small hammer; a kind of fire-dart._ mā-lo, malle, māl[)u]i, a. irr. (contracted fr. mag-volo, fr. root mag; volo, _to have a great desire for_) _To prefer._ m[)a]l-um, i, n. (malus) _An evil._ man-do, dāvi, dātum, dāre, a. (man-us; do, _to put into one's hand_) _To order; to commend, consign, intrust; to lay up_; se fugae mandare, _to take to flight_. m[)a]nus, ūs, f. _A hand; band of troops._ mārīt-us, a, um, adj. (marit-a, mas) _Matrimonial, conjugal_; as noun, m. (sc. vir), _a husband_. mātūr-ź, adv. (matur-us) _Seasonably, at the proper time; soon._ mātūr-[)i]tas, ātis, f. (matur-us) _Ripeness, maturity, perfection._ max[)i]m-ź, adv. (maxim-us) _In the highest degree, especially._ m[)e]d[)i]ocr-[)i]ter, adv. (mediocris) _Moderately._ m[)e]d[)i]tor, ātus sum, āri, dep. _To think, consider, meditate upon; to practise._ meherc[)u]le, mehercle, mehercules, adv. _By Hercules._ m[)e]m[)i]ni, isse, a. and n., dep. _To remember, recollect._ m[)e]m[)o]ria, ae, f. (memor, _mindful_) _Memory._ mens, mentis, f. _The mind; thought, purpose._ m[)e]t[)u]-o, [)u]i, ūtum, a. and n. (metu-s) _To fear._ m[)e]tus, ūs, m. _Fear._ m[)e]-us, a, um, pron. pers. (me) _My, mine._ m[)i]n-us, adv. (min-or) _Less, not._ m[)i]s[)e]r[)i]cord-[)i]ā, ae, f. (miseri-cors, _pitiful_) _Pity, compassion._ mitto, mīsi, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. _To let go, send._ m[)o]do, adv. _Only_; non modo ... sed etiam, _not only; ... but also_. m[)o]dus, i, m. _A measure; limit; manner; kind._ moen[)i]a, ium, n. pl. _Defensive walls; ramparts; city walls._ mōles, is, f. _A huge mass; greatness, might._ mōl-[)i]or, ītus sum, īri, dep., n. and a. (mol-es) _To endeavor, strive; to undertake; to plot; to prepare._ mol-lis, e, adj. (for mov-lis, fr. mov-eo, _that may_ or _can be moved_) _Weak, feeble; gentle; mild._ m[)o]ra, ae, f. _A delay._ morbus, i, m. _A sickness, disease._ mor-s, tis, f. (mor-ior) _Death._ mor-t[)u]us, a, um, part. (mor-ior) _Dead._ mos, mōris, m. [for meors; from meo, are, "to go"] _Usage, custom, practice._ m[)o]v[)e]o, mōvi, mōtum, m[)o]vźre, a. _To move; to affect._ mult-ō, adv. (mult-us) _Much, greatly._ mult-o (mulcto), āvi, ātum, āre (mult-a, _a fine_) _To fine; to punish._ multus, a, um, adj. _Much_; in pl., _many_. mūn-[)i]o, īvi, ītum, īre, a. (moenia) _To fortify._ mūnī-tus, a, um, part. (muni-o) _Fortified, secure._ mūrus, i, m. [for mun-rus; root MUN, "to defend"] _A wall._ mū-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for mov-to, fr. mov-eo) _To move; to alter, change._ N nam, conj. _For._ nanciscor, nanctus and nactus sum, nancisci, dep. _To get; to find._ nascor, nātus sum, nasci, dep. _To be born; to spring forth; to grow._ nā-tūra, ae, f. (na-scor; _a being born_) _Birth; nature._ nau-fr[)a]gus, a, um, adj. (nav-frag-us; navis; frag, root of frango) _That suffers shipwreck; wrecked._ nź, adv. and conj. _No, not_; ne ... quidem, _not even; that not, lest_. -n[)e], interrog. and enclitic particle, in direct questions with the ind. asking merely for information; in indirect questions with the subj. _Whether._ nec, conj.: see neque. n[)e]cess-ār[)i]us, a, um, adj. (ne-cess-e) _Unavoidable, necessary_; as noun, m., _a relative, friend_. n[)e]-ces-se, neut. adj. (found only in nom. and acc. sing., for ne-ced-se, fr. ne; ed-o, _not yielding_) _Unavoidable, necessary._ n[)e]fār-[)i]us, a. um, adj. (for nefas-ius, fr. nefas) _Impious, nefarious._ nźg-l[)e]g-o, lexi, lectum, l[)e]g[)e]re, a. (nec; lego, _not to gather_) _To neglect, disregard._ n[)e]go, n[)e]gāvi, n[)e]gātum, n[)e]gāre, n. and a. _To say "no;" to deny._ nź-mo, [)i]nis, m. and f. (ne; homo) _No person, no one, nobody._ n[)e]-que or nec, adv. _Not_; conj., _and not_; neque ... neque, nec ... nec, _neither ... nor_. nźqu-[)i]t[)i]a, ae, f. (nequ-am) _Badness; inactivity, negligence._ ne-sc[)i]o, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a. _Not to know, to be ignorant of._ nex, n[)e]cis, f. (= nec-s, fr. nec-o) _Death; murder, slaughter._ n[)i]hil, n. indecl. (nihilum, by apocope) _Nothing; not at all._ n[)i]mis, adv. _Too much; too._ n[)i]m[)i]-um, adv. (nimi-us) _Too much; too._ n[)i]-si, conj. _If not, unless._ noct-urnus, a, um, adj. (nox) _Belonging to the night, nocturnal._ nōm[)i]n-o (1), a. (nomen) _To name._ nōn, adv. _Not, no._ non-dum, adv. _Not yet._ non-ne, inter. adv. (expects answer "yes") _Not?_ non-nullus, a, um, adj. (not one) _Some, several._ noster, tra, trum, poss. pron. (nos) _Our, our own, ours_; in plur., as noun, m., _our men_. n[)o]ta, ae, f. (nosco) _A mark, sign; a brand._ n[)o]t-o, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. (not-a) _To mark, designate._ n[)o]vus, a, um, adj. _New._ nox, noctis, f. _Night._ nūdus, a, um, adj. _Naked, bare._ n-ullus, a, um, adj. (ne; ullus) _None, no._ num, inter. particle, used in direct questions expecting the answer "no;" in indirect questions, _Whether_. n[)u]m[)e]rus, i, m. _A number._ nunc, adv. _Now, at present._ n-unquam (numquam), adv. (ne; unquam) _Never._ nūper, adv. (for nov-per, fr. nov-us) _Newly, lately._ nupt-[)i]ae, ārum, f. pl. (nupt-a, _a married woman_) _Marriage, nuptials._ O O, interj. _O! Oh!_ ob, prep, with acc. _On account of._ [)o]b[)e]o, īre, [)i]i, [)i]tum, n. _To engage in, execute._ obl[)i]viscor, oblītus sum, oblivisci, dep. _To forget._ obscūr-ź, adv. (obscur-us) _Indistinctly, secretly._ obscūr-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (obscurus) _To obscure._ ōbscūrus, a, um, adj. _Dark; unknown._ ob-s[)i]d[)e]o, sźdi, sessum, s[)i]dźre, a. (ob; sedeo, _to sit_) _To sit down at_ or _before; to invest; to watch for_. ob-sīdo, no perf., no sup., s[)i]dźre, a. _To sit down over_ or _against; to invest, besiege_. ob-sisto, st[)i]ti, st[)i]tum, sist[)e]re, n. _To oppose, resist._ ob-sto, st[)i]ti, stātum, stāre, n. _To oppose._ ob-temp[)e]ro, āvi, ātum, āre, n. _To comply with, obey._ oc-cīdo, cīdi, cīsum, cīd[)e]re, a. (ob; caedo, _to strike against_) _To strike down; to kill._ oc-c[)u]p-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (for ob-cap-o, fr. ob; capio) _To take, seize; to occupy._ [)o]c[)u]lus, i, m. _An eye._ ōdi, odisse, a., defective. _To hate._ [)o]d-[)i]um, ii, n. (odi) _Hatred._ of-fendo, fendi, fensum, fend[)e]re, a. _To hit; to offend._ of-fensus, a, um, adj. _Odious_ ōmen, [)i]nis, n. _An omen._ o-mitto, mīsi, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. (ob; mitto) _To let go; to pass over, omit._ omnis, e, adj. _Every, all._ [)o]pīn-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (opin-us, _thinking_) _To think, suppose, imagine._ [)o]port-et, [)u]it, źre, impers. _It is necessary._ op-pr[)i]mo, pressi, pressum, pr[)i]m[)e]re, a. (ob; premo) _To overwhelm, subdue, overpower; to cover._ opt[)i]m-as, ātis, adj. (optim-us) _Aristocratic_; as noun (sc. homo), _an aristocrat_. opt-[)i]mus, a, um, adj. (super. of bonus) _Best, very good._ orbis, is, m. _A circle; the world, the universe._ ord-o, [)i]nis, m. (ord-ior, _to begin_) _Order; class, degree._ ōs, ōris, n. _The mouth; the face, countenance._ osten-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (for ostend-to, fr. ostend-o) _To show; to display._ ōt[)i]-ōsus, a, um, adj. (oti-um, full of) _At leisure; quiet; calm, tranquil._ ōt[)i]um, ii, n. _Leisure._ P pa-ciscor, pactus sum, pacisci, dep., n. and a. _To contract; to agree, bargain._ pac-tum, i, n. (pac-iscor) _An agreement, compact; manner, way._ pango, pang-[)e]re, panxi, pactum. _To agree._ par-ens, entis, m. and f. (par-io) _A parent._ p[)a]r[)i]es, ietis, m. _A wall._ p[)a]r[)i]o, p[)e]p[)e]ri, p[)a]r[)i]tum, p[)a]r[)e]re and partum, a. _To bring forth; to obtain._ p[)a]r-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To make, get ready, prepare._ parr[)i]-cīda, ae, m. (for patr-i-caed-a, fr. pater; [i]; caedo) _The murderer of one's father; parricide._ parricīd-[)i]um, ii, n. (parricid-a) _Parricide, murder, treason._ pars, partis, f. _A part, portion._ part-[)i]-cep-s, c[)i]pis, adj. (for part-i-cap-s, fr. pars; [i]; cap-io) _Sharing, partaking_; as noun, _a sharer, partaker_. parvus, a, um, adj. _Small, little, slight._ pat-e-f[)a]c[)i]o, fźci, factum, f[)a]c[)e]re, a. (pateo; facio) _To disclose, expose, bring to light._ p[)a]t[)e]o, [)u]i, no sup., p[)a]tźre, n. _To stand_ or _lie open; to be clear, plain_. p[)a]ter, tris, m. _A father._ p[)a]t[)i]ent-[)i]a, ae, f. (patior) _Patience._ p[)a]tr-[)i]us, a, um (a long or short), adj. (pater) _Paternal, fatherly_; as noun, f. (sc. terra), _native land, country_. paucus, a, um, adj. _Small, little_; as noun, pl. m., _few, a few_. paul-isper, adv. (paul-us, _little_) _For a little while._ paul-ō adv. (id., _little_) _By a little, a little._ paul-um, adv. (paul-us) _By a little, a little._ paul-us, a, um, adj. _A little, small._ p[)e]n[)i]-tus, adv. (root pen) _From within; deeply._ per, prep, with acc. _Through; by, by means of; on account of._ per-c[)i]p[)i]-o, cźpi, ceptum, c[)i]p[)e]re, a. (per; capio) _To take possession of, seize; to comprehend, perceive, learn._ perd-[)i]tus, a, um, part. (perd-o) _Ruined, desperate, abandoned._ per-do, d[)i]di, d[)i]tum, d[)e]re, a. _To destroy, ruin._ per-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, lātum, a. irr. _To bear, endure._ per-fringo, frźgi, fractum, fring[)e]re, a. (per; frango) _To break through; to violate, infringe._ per-fr[)u]or, fructus sum, fr[)u]i, dep. _To enjoy fully._ per-go, perrexi, perrectum, perg[)e]re, a. and n. (for per-rego, _to make quite straight_) _To proceed, go on._ p[)e]rīcl-ītor, ītātus sum, tari, dep., a. and n. (perīcl-um) _To try; to endanger, risk; to venture, hazard._ p[)e]rī-c[)u]lum (clum), i, n. (peri-or [obsolete], _to go through_) _A trial; hazard, danger, peril._ per-mitto, mīsi, missum, mittere, a. _To send through; to give up, intrust, surrender._ per-m[)o]v[)e]o, mōvi, mōtum, m[)o]vźre, a. _To move thoroughly; to excite, arouse._ pern[)i]c-[)i]es, [)i]źi, f. (pernec-o, _to kill utterly_) _Destruction._ pern[)i]c[)i]-ōsus, a, um, adj. (per-nici-es, full of) _Very destructive, ruinous, pernicious._ perp[)e]t[)u]us, a, um, adj. _Continuous; constant, perpetual._ per-saepe. _Very often, very frequently._ per-sp[)i]c[)i]o, spexi, spectum, sp[)i]c[)e]re, a. (per; specio, _to look_) _To look through; to perceive, note._ per-terr[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, terrźre, a. _To terrify thoroughly._ per-t[)i]me-sco, t[)i]m[)u]i, no sup., t[)i]mesc[)e]re, a. and n. inch. (pertimeo) _To fear or dread greatly._ per-t[)i]n-[)e]ō, t[)i]n[)u]i, tentum, t[)i]nźre, n. (per; teneo) _To stretch; to concern; to pertain to._ per-v[)e]n[)i]o, vźni, ventum, v[)e]nīre, n. _To arrive at, reach._ pestis, is, f. _Ruin, plague._ p[)e]t-īt[)i]o, ōnis, f. (pet-o) _An attack, thrust._ p[)e]to, p[)e]tīvi, p[)e]tītum, p[)e]t[)e]re, a. _To seek; to attack, thrust at._ pl[)a]c[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, pl[)a]cźre, n. _To please_; placet, impers., _it seems good; it is resolved upon; it is determined_. plāco, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To quiet, calm, reconcile._ plān-ź, adv. (plan-us) _Simply, clearly._ plźbes, ei, f. or plebs, plźbis, f. _The common people, the plebeians._ plū-r[)i]mus, a, um, sup. adj. (multus) _Very much_; in pl., _the largest_ or _smaller number_; with quam, _as many as possible_. poena, ae, f. _Punishment._ pol-l[)i]c[)e]or, licitus sum, l[)i]cźr[)i], dep. (pot, root of pot-is, _powerful_, and liceor, _to bid_) _To promise._ pont[)i]fex, f[)i]cis, m. _The high priest, pontiff._ p[)o]p[)u]lus, i, m. _A people, nation, multitude._ porta, ae, f. _A gate; passage._ pos-sum, posse, p[)o]t[)u]i, no sup., n. irr. (for pot-sum, fr. pot, root of pot-is, _able_, and sum) _To be able._ post, adv. and prep. with acc. _Behind; after; next to, since._ post-[)e]ā, adv. _After this; afterwards._ post[)e]r-[)i]tas, ātis, f. (poster-us) _Futurity; posterity._ post[)u]lo, a. _To ask, demand, request._ p[)o]t[)i]us, adv. (adv. neut. of potior, comp. of potis) _Rather, more._ prae-clārus, a, um, adj. _Splendid, excellent; distinguished._ prae-d[)i]co, d[)i]cāvi, d[)i]cātum, d[)i]-cāre, a. _To publish, state, declare._ prae-dīco, dixi, dictum, dīc[)e]re, a. _To say beforehand; to predict._ prae-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, lātum, a. irr. _To bear before; to display, to exhibit._ prae-mitto, mīsi, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. _To send forward._ prae-s-ens, entis, adj. (prae; sum) _Present._ praesent-[)i]a, ae, f. (praesens) _Presence._ praes[)i]d-[)i]um, ii, n. (praesid-eo) _A guarding, defence, aid; a garrison, guard._ prae-stōlor (1), dep. n. and a. _To wait for._ praet[)e]r-[)e]o, īre, ii, [)i]tum, n. and a. irr. _To pass over, omit._ praeter-mitto, mīsi, missum, mitt[)e]re, a. _To pass over, omit._ prae-tor, ōris, m. (for praei-tor, fr. praeeo) _A leader; a praetor_, an officer next to consul in rank. prī-dem, adv. (for prae-dem, fr. prae; suffix dem) _A long time ago, long since._ prī-diź, adv. (for prae-die, fr. prae; dies) _On the day before._ prī-mō, adv. (primus) _At first._ pri-mus, a, um, sup. adj. (for prae-mus, fr. prae, with superlative suffix mus) _The first, first._ prin-cep-s, c[)i]pis, adj. (for prim-caps, fr. prim-us; cap-io) _First_; as noun, m. and f., _chief, leader_. pr[)i]-or, us, gen. ōris, comp. adj. (for prae-or, fr. prae; comparative suffix or) _Former._ prīvā-tus, a, um, part. (prīv-[a]-o, _to deprive_) _Private_; as noun, m., _a private citizen_. prob-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To try; to approve._ perfec-t[)i]o, ōnis, f. (for profac-tio, fr. profic-iscor) _A setting out, departure._ prō-f[)i]c[)i]o, fźci, fectum, f[)i]c[)e]re, n. and a. (pro; facio) _To accomplish, effect._ pro-f[)i]c-iscor, fectus sum, f[)i]cisci, dep. n. inch, (for pro-fac-iscor, fr. pro; fac-io) _To set out._ prō-f[)u]g[)i]o, fūgi, f[)u]gitum, f[)u]g[)e]re, a. and n. _To flee._ pr[)o]pe, adv. and prep, with acc. _Nearly, almost._ pr[)o]pr[)i]us, a, um, adj. _One's one; proper, peculiar, suited to._ prop-ter, prep. with acc. (prop-e) _Near; on account of._ pro-s[)e]quor, s[)e]cūtus sum, s[)e]qui, dep. _To follow, accompany._ prox[)i]mus, a, um, adj. (proc-simus, for prop-simus, fr. prop-e, and sup. ending simus) _The nearest, next; the last._ publ[)i]c-ź, adv. (public-us) _In behalf of the state, in the name of the state._ publ-[)i]cus, a, um, adj. (populus) _public, common_. p[)u]d-or, ōr[)i]s, m. (pudet) _Shame, modesty._ pur-go, a. (pūr-us) _To clean, cleanse; purify._ p[)u]t-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (put-us, _cleansed_) _To make clean; to reckon, think._ Q quaero (quaeso), quaesīvi, ii, quaesītum, quaer[)e]re, a. _To seek; demand, ask._ quaeso: see quaero. quaźs-tio, ōnis, f. (quaes-o) _A seeking; a judicial investigation._ quam, adv. (adverbial acc. of quis) _In what manner, how; as much, as; than_; with superlatives, _as_ (much as) _possible_, e.g. quam primum, _as soon as possible_. quam-d[)i]u, adv. _How long, as long as._ quam-ob-rem, rel. adv. _On which account, wherefore._ quam-quam, conj. _Although._ quantus, a, um, adj. _How great, how much._ quā-rź, adv. (quis; res) _From what cause? wherefore?_ -que, enclitic conj. _And_; que ... que, _both ... and_. qu[)e]r-[)i]mōn[)i]a, ae, f. (queror) _A complaint._ qu[)e]ror, questus sum, qu[)e]ri, dep. a. and n. _To complain of, lament, bewail._ quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. _Who, which, what, that._ quī-dam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron. _Some, some one, a certain one._ qu[)i]dem, adv. _Indeed, at least_; ne ... quidem, _not even_. qu[)i]e-sco, qu[)i]źvi, qu[)i]źtum, qu[)i]esc[)e]re, n. inch, (for quiet-sco, fr. quies) _To keep quiet._ quin-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (quinqu-tus, fr. quinque) _The fifth._ quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron. (quis, quae, quod, used adjectively) _Who? which? what?_ quid, _how? why? wherefore?_ preceded by ne, si, nisi, num, becomes an indefinite pron., _any, some_. quis-quam, quae-quam, quic-quam (quod-quam), indef. pron. _Any, any one._ quis-que, quae-que, quod-que (and as noun, quic-que; quid-que), indef. pron. _Each, every_. quis-quis, quod-quod or quic-quid or quid-quid, indef. pron. _Whatever, whatsoever_; as noun, _whoever, whosoever_. quō, adv. (qui) _Where; whither._ quod, conj. (acc. neut. fr. qui) _That, in that, because_; quod si, _but if_. quon-dam, adv. (for quom-dam, fr. quom, old form of quem) _Once, formerly._ qu[)o]n-[)i]am, conj. (for quom-iam, fr. quom = cum and jam) _Since._ qu[)o]que, conj. _Also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes). quot, num. adj. indecl. _How many, as many._ qu[)o]tīd-[)i]e, cotidie. _Daily._ quot-[)i]es, iens, adv. (xuot) _How often._ qu[)o]t[)i]es-cumque, adv. _How often soever; as often as._ quo-usque, adv. (for quom; usque, fr. quom, old form of quem; usque) _Until what time; how long._ R r[)a]p[)i]o, [)u]i, raptum, r[)a]p[)e]re, a. _To match_ or _draw away_. r[)a]-t[)i]o, ōnis, f. (reor) _A calculation; judgment, reason; course, manner._ r[)e]cens, ntis, adj. _Fresh, recent._ r[)e]-c[)i]p[)i]o, cźpi, ceptum, r[)e]c[)i]p[)e]re, a. (re; capio) _To take back; to accept, receive._ r[)e]-cognosco, cognōvi, cognitum, cognosc[)e]re, a. _To know again, recognize; to examine, review._ r[)e]-condo, cond[)i]di, cond[)i]tum, cond[)e]re, a. _To put back again; to sheath_ (of a sword); _to lay up; bury_. rec-tus, a, um, part, (for reg-tus, fr. reg-o) _Right; straight._ red-und-o, āvi, ātum, āre, n. _To overflow; to abound._ re-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, lātum, a. irr. _To carry, bring_, or _give back; to return, pay back_. rźg[)i]-ź, adv. (regi-us) _Royally, tyrannically._ r[)e]-l[)e]vo, l[)e]vāvi, l[)e]vātum, l[)e]vāre, a. _To make light; to relieve._ r[)e]-linquo, līqui, lictum, linqu[)e]re, a. (re; linquo, _to leave_) _To leave behind, leave._ r[)e]l[)i]qu-us, a, um, adj. (reli[n]qu-o) _Remaining; the remainder of, rest._ r[)e]m[)a]n[)e]o, mansi, no sup., m[)a]nźre, n. _To remain behind._ r[)e]-m[)o]ror, m[)o]rātus sum, m[)o]rāri, dep., n. and a. _To stay, delay, to detain._ re-pello, p[)u]li, pulsum, a. _To reject, repel._ r[)e]-p[)e]rio, r[)e]p[)e]ri, r[)e]pertum, p[)e]rīre, a. (re; par-o) _To find._ re-primo, pressi, pressum, a. (re; premo) _To check, restrain._ r[)e]p[)u]d[)i]-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (repudi-um, _a casting off_) _To cast off; to reject._ rźs, r[)e]i, f. _A thing, matter_; res publica, _the commonwealth, the state_. r[)e]-s[)i]d[)e]o, sźdi, no sup., s[)i]dźre, n. (re; sedeo) _To remain; to remain behind._ rź-spond[)e]o, spondi, sponsum, spondźre, a. (re; spondeo, _to promise_) _To answer, reply._ respon-sum, i, n. (for respond-sum, fr. respond-eo) _An answer, reply._ rźs-publ[)i]cā, r[)e]i-publ[)i]cae, f.; see res. r[)e]-v[)o]co, a. _To call back, to recall._ r[)o]go, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To ask_; rogare legem, _to propose a law_. r[)u]-īna, ae, f. (ru-o) _A falling; ruin._ S sacr-ār[)i]um, ii (a long or short), n, (sacr-um) _A place for keeping holy things; a shrine._ sacrum, i (a long or short), n. (sacer) _A sacred thing; a religious rite, ceremony._ saep-e, adv. (saep-is, _frequent_) _Often, frequently._ s[)a]g-ax, āc[)i]s, adj. (sagio, _to perceive quickly_) _Sagacious, keen-scented._ s[)a]lū-s, ūtis, f. (for salvit-s; fr. salv-eo, _to be well_) _Health; safety, prosperity._ s[)a]lūt-o, āvi, ātum, āre, a. (salus) _To greet, salute._ sanc-tus, a, um, adj. (sancio) _Sacred, holy, venerable._ sanguis, inis, m. _Blood._ s[)a]telles, [)i]tis, com. gen. _An attendant; an accomplice, partner._ s[)a]t[)i]s (sat), adv. _Enough._ s[)a]tis-f[)a]c[)i]o, fźci, factum, f[)a]c[)e]re, a. _To give satisfaction; satisfy, content._ sc[)e]l[)e]rāt-ź, adv. (scelerat-us) _Impiously, wickedly._ sc[)e]l[)e]rā-tus, a, um, part. (sceler[a]-o, _to pollute_) _Polluted, bad_; as noun, m., _a wretch_. sc[)e]lus, [)e]ris, n. _An evil deed; a crime, guilt._ scio, scīvi, scītum, scīre, a. _To know, perceive._ sź-cźdo, cessi, cessum, cźd[)e]re, n. _To go apart; to go away._ sź-cerno, crźvi, crźtum, cern[)e]re, a. _To put apart, separate._ sed, conj. _But, yet, but also_; non solum ... sed etiam, _not only_ ... _but also_. sźd-[)i]-t[)i]o, ōnis, f. (sed = sine; i, root of eo, _a going apart_) _Sedition, strife._ sź-jungo, junxi, junctum, jung[)e]re, a. _To disjoin; to separate._ sź-men, [)i]nis, n. (for sā-men, fr. sa, true root of sero) _the sown thing. Seed_. semper, adv. _Ever, always._ s[)e]n-ātus, ūs, m. (senex) _The council of the elders, the senate._ s[)e]nātūs-consultum, i, n. _A decree of the senate._ sen-sus, [)u]s, m. (for sent-sus, fr. sent-io) _Perception, feeling._ sentent-[)i]a, ae, f. (for sentient-ia, fr. sentiens, _thinking_) _An opinion, sentiment; sentence, vote._ sentīna, ae, f. _Bilge-water; the lowest of the people, rabble; mob._ sent[)i]o, sensi, sensum, sentire, a. _To feel, see; to perceive._ sequor, s[)e]cutus sum, s[)e]qui, dep. _To follow, to comply with, conform to._ sermo, ōnis, m. _A speaking; talk, conversation._ sźr-ō, adv. (ser-us) _Late, too late._ serv-[)i]o, ivi, itum, ire, n. (serv-us) _To be a slave; to serve,_ servo, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To save, preserve, protect._ sźrvus, i, m. _A slave._ sźsź, reduplicated form of acc. or abl. of sui. s[)e]vźr-itas, ātis, f. (severus) _Strictness, severity._ sex-tus, a, um, ord. num. adj. (sex) _The sixth._ si, conj. _If, whether._ sīc, adv. _In this manner, so thus._ sīca, ae, f. _A dagger, poniard._ sīc-ut or sīc-uti, adv. _So as, just as._ s[)i]lent-[)i]um, ii, n. (silens, _silent_) _Silence._ s[)i]l[)e]o, ui, no sup., n. _To be noiseless, still_, or _silent_. s[)i]m[)i]l[)i]s, e, adj. (with gen. and dat.) _Like, similar._ s[)i]mul, adv. _Together, at once_; simul-ac _or_ atque, _as soon as_. sī-n, conj. (si; ne) _But if._ sine, prep. with abl. _Without._ sing-[)u]li, ae, a, num. distrib. adj. _One to each, separate, single, each, every._ s[)i]no, sīvi, s[)i]tum, s[)i]n[)a]re, a. _To let, suffer, allow._ s[)o]c[)i]-etas, ātis, f. (soci-us) _Fellowship, association, society; a league, an alliance._ socius, ii, m. _A partner, companion; ally, confederate._ s[)o]dālis, is, com. gen. _A boon companion._ s[)o]l[)e]o, s[)o]l[)i]tus sum, n. semi-dep. _To be wont, be accustomed._ sōl-[)i]tūdo, īn[)i]s, f. (sol-us) _Loneliness, aolitude; a desert, wilderness._ sōl-um, adv. (sōl-us) _Alone, only._ somnus, i, m. _Sleep, slumber._ sp[)e]c[)u]l-or, dep. a. and n. (specula, _a watch-tower_) _To watch, observe, explore._ spe-s, sp[)e]i, f., gen., dat., and abl. pl. not found in good writers (for sper-s, fr. spźr-o) _Hope._ spīr-[)i]tus, ūs, m. (spir-o) _A breathing; a breath._ spon-te, abl., and spontis, gen. of the noun spons, f. (for spond-te, fr. spond-eo, _to pledge_) _Of one's own accord, willingly._ stā-tor, ōris, m. _A supporter, stayer._ st[)a]t[)u]-o, ui, ūtum, [)e]re, a. (status) _To put, place; to decide, determine._ stā-tus, ūs, m. (sto) _Condition, situation, state._ stirps, stirpis, f. _A stock, stem; source, origin._ sto, st[)e]ti, stātum, stāre, n. _To stand._ st[)u]d[)e]o, [)u]i, no sup., źre, n. and a. _To be eager; to pursue, be devoted to._ st[)u]d-[)i]um, ii, n. (stud-eo) _Assiduity, zeal._ stultus, a, um, adj. _Foolish, simple._ stuprum, i (u long or short), n. _Debauchery, lewdness._ suādeo, suāsi, suāsum, suādźre, n. and a. _To advise, recommend._ sub-sell-[)i]um, ii, n. (sub; sell-a) _A bench, judge's seat._ s[)u]i, sibi, se or sese, pron. reflex. _Of himself, herself, itself_, or _themselves_. sum, esse, f[)u]i, no sup., n. irr. _To be, exist._ summus, a, um, sup. adj. (superus) _The highest, greatest, very great; the most important; the top of, the summit of._ s[)u]p[)e]r-[)i]or, [)i]us, comp. adj. (super) _Higher; earlier, former._ suppl[)i]c-[)i]um, ii, n. (supplic-o) _A humble petition; punishment._ sus-c[)i]p[)i]o, cźpi, ceptum, c[)i]p[)e]re, a. _To undertake._ suspec-tus, a, um, part. (suspic-io, through true root suspec) _Mistrusted, suspected._ su-sp[)i]c[)i]o, spexi, spectum, sp[)i]cere, a. and n. (sub; specio, _to look_) _To look at from under; to mistrust, suspect._ suspīc-[)i]o, ōnis, f. (suspic-or) _Mistrust, suspicion._ susp[)i]c-or, ātus sum, āri, dep. (suspic-io) _To suspect._ suspitio: see suspicio. sus-t[)i]neo, t[)i]n[)u]i, tentum, t[)i]nźre, a. _To support, sustain._ s[)u]-us, a, um, poss. pron. (su-i) _Of_ or _belonging to himself, herself, itself_, or _themselves; his own, her own, its own, their own_. T t[)a]b[)u]la, ae, f. _A board; a writing-tablet._ t[)a]c[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, t[)a]cźre, n. _To be silent._ t[)a]citurn-[)i]tas, ātis, f. (taciturnus, _quiet_) _Silence._ t[)a]c-[)i]tus, a, um, adj. (taceo) _Silent._ tae-ter, tra, trum, adj. (for taed-ter, fr. taed-et) _Foul, shameful, disgraceful._ tam, adv. _So, so far, so very, so much._ t[)a]men, adv. _Nevertheless, however, still._ t[)a]m-etsi, conj. (contracted fr. tamen-etsi) _Although, though._ tan-dem, adv. (tam) _At length_; in questions, _pray_. tam-quam, adv. (tam; quam) _As much as; just as, like as, as if, as it were._ tantus, a, um, adj. _So great, so large, so many._ tec-tum, i, n. (for teg-tum, fr. teg-o) _A roof, house._ tźlum, i, n. _A spear; weapon._ tempes-tas, ātis, f. (for tempor-tas, fr. tempus) _A space of time; a time; weather_ (both good and bad), hence _a storm, tempest_. templum, i, n. _A temple, shrine._ temp-to, tāvi, tātum, tāre, a. intens. (also written ten-to, fr. teneo) _To handle; to try; to try the strength of; to attack._ tempus, [)o]ris, n. _A portion of time; a time; a critical moment, circumstances._ t[)e]n[)e]brae, ārum, f. pl. _Darkness._ t[)e]n[)e]o, t[)e]n[)u]i, tentum, a., t[)e]nźre. _To hold, keep, have, guard._ terra, ae, f. _The earth, land_; orbis terrarum, _the world; country_. t[)i]m[)e]o, ūi, no sup., t[)i]mźre, a. and n. _To fear._ t[)i]m-or, ōris, m. _Fear._ tollo, sust[)u]li, subl[)a]tum, toll[)e]re, a. _To lift up; to destroy, take away._ tot, num. adj. indecl. _So many._ t[)o]t-[)i]es, (iens) num. adv. (tot) _So often, so many times._ tōtus, a, um, adj. _All, all the; the whole_; in adverbial force, _altogether, wholly_. trans-f[)e]ro, ferre, t[)u]li, lātum, a. _To bear ucross; to transport, transfer._ tribūn-al, ālis, n. (tribunus) _A judgment-seat, tribunal._ trib-ūnus, i, m. (trib-us) _A tribune._ tru-cīdo, a. (for truc-caedo, fr. trux [_savage_]; caedo) _To slaughter._ tū, tui, pers. pron. _Thou, you_ (sing.) tum, adv. _Then, at that time._ t[)u]multus, ūs, m. _Disturbance, tumult._ turp-[)i]tūdo, inis, f. (turpis) _Baseness, infamy._ tū-tus, a, um, (tu-eor) _Safe, secure._ t[)u]-us, a, um, poss. pron. (tu) _Thy, thine, your, yours._ U [)u]bi, adv. (akin to qui) _Where; when_; ubinam, _where, pray?_ ul-lus, a, um, adj. dim. (for un-lus, fr. unus) _Any, any one._ umquam: see unquam. ūnā, adv. (adverbial abl. of unus) _At the same time, in company, together._ V vir-tus, ūtis, f. (vir) _Manliness, manhood; courage; worth, merit._ vis, vis, f. _Strength, force._ viscus, [)e]ris, n. (mostly in pl.) _The inwards; the viscera._ v[)i]-ta, ae, f. (for viv-ta, fr. viv-o) _Life._ v[)i]t[)i]um, ii, n. _Fault, blemish, error, crime, vice._ vīto, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To shun, avoid._ vīvo, vixi, victum, vīv[)e]re, n. _To live._ vīv-us, a, um, adj. (vīv-o) _Alive._ vix, adv. _With difficulty, hardly, scarcely_; vixdum, _scarcely_. v[)o]co, āvi, ātum, āre, a. _To call; summon._ voln[)e]r-o, āvi, ātus sum, āre, a. (volnus) _To wound._ volo, velle, vol[)u]i, no sup., a. irr. _To will, wish, desire._ voltus: see vultus. volun-tas, ātis, f. (for volent-tas, fr. volens) _Will, wish, desire, inclination._ volup-tas, ātis, f. (volup, _agreeable_) _Enjoyment, pleasure, delight._ vox, vōcis, f. (for voc-s, fr. voc-o, _that which calls out_) _A voice; a word_; in pl., _language, sayings, words_. vul-tus, ūs, m. (for vol-tus, fr. vol-o) _The countenance; looks, aspect._ [Illustration] * * * * * * * * * TEXT ALONE I.--1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus eludet? Quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt. Patere tua consilia non sentis? Constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris? 2. O tempora, O mores! senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris. 3. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus interfecit: Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave: non deest rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis: nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. II.--4. Decrevit quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, majoribus: occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica: num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero nos vicesimum jam diem patimur hebescere aciei horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum videri, sed jam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 5. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum se dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor, ut faciam. Tum denique interficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse fateatur. 6. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. III.--Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios neque privata domus parietibus continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? Si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam istam mentem, mihi crede! obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum. Teneris undique: luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia; quae jam mecum licet recognoscas. 7. Meministine me ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem sextum Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum id quod multo magis admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem quintum Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas? 8. Quid? cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu meis praesidiis, custodiis vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. IV.--Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: jam intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios--non agam obscure in M. Laecae domum: convenisse eodem complures ejusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si negas: video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. O di immortales! ubinam gentium sumus! quam rem publicam habemus? in qua urbe vivimus? Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam illa nocte, Catilina; distribuisti partess Italiae; statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te ipsum jam esse exiturum, dixisti paullulum tibi esse etiam tum morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam majoribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos praedixeram. V.--11. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, egredere aliquando ex urbe: patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si minus, quam plurimos: purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non potes: non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis, gratia, quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato: denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam. 12. Nunc jam aperte rem publicam universam petis: templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod hujus imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica reliqua conjuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. 13. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me facere, quod jam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe jubet consul hostem. Interrogas me: num in exilium? non jubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo. VI.--Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe delectare possit? In qua nemo est extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama? Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus unquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum illecebris irretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti? 14. Quid vero? Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris immanitas, aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse jucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas Januarias Lepido et Tullo Consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? Manum consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac jam illa omitto--neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa postea:--quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas petitiones ita conjectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi! nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens excidit aliquo casu et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. VII.--Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid? Quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas? 17. Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi urbem nom arbitraris? Etsi me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis oculis omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere nec judicium sequere nec vim pertimesces? 18. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur: 'Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te: tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: tu non solum ad negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quamobrem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' VIII.--19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid? Quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti? Quod vitandae suspicionis causa apud M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit? 20. Quae cum ita sint, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? Refer, inquis, ad senatum; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi placere decreverit te ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intelligas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu in exilium, si hunc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina? Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? 21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo vero M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo jure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant: neque hi solum, quorum auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam equites Romani honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae jam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prosequantur. IX.--22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res frangat? Tu ut te unquam corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere? Tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales duint! Etsi video, si mea voce perterritus ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore revocaverit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exilium; vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in exilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu. Confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris. 24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? Cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem. A quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? Tu ut illa diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficisens solebas, a cujus altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti. X.--25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem, nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam, improborum manum. 26. Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis. Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, jacere humi, non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes, illam tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae verum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore conectum senties. 27. Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius tentare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses atque ut id, quod est abs te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. XI.--Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo carior est, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica sic loquatur; 'M. Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem conjurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immisus in urbem videatur? Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis? 28. Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At nunquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiam aut alicujus periculi metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum?' XII.--His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu judicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladiatori isti, ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 30. Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut quae vident dissimulent: qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt conjurationemque nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se ejecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. XIII.--31. Etenim jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis ingravescet. 32. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi, discernantur a nobis: desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cujusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa vindicata esse videatis. 33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum, tu, Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es constitutus, quem Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus, hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate conjunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. * * * * * * * * * ERRATA (noted by transcriber): General: _The shift from "Antony" ("Life of Cicero" section) to "Antonius" (remainder of the book) is unchanged. Date format has been regularized to "(year) B.C."; in the original, about a quarter of the dates were in the reversed form "B.C. (year)". A few cases of "scil," with comma have been silently changed to "scil." Four occurrences of "ę"--three of them on the same page--have been regularized to "ae"._ _In the Notes and Vocabulary sections, minor punctuation errors were silently corrected._ Life of Cicero: Chrysogonus, one of Sulla's favourites [Sylla's] Molo, the rhetorician [rhetorican] Marc Antony's designs [Anthony's, and see above] Sidenote: Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus [Sepidus] The works of Cicero are:-- [Circero] Oratio _A number of typographical errors in the main text were corrected by hand, generally to agree with the form used in the Notes._ I. 3. C. [3]Servilius Ahala [_"Serviliusi", with "i" crossed out by hand_] viri fortes acerbioribus suppliciis [supplicus] II. 4. Vivis, [12]et vivis non ad [_"Visis" corrected by hand to "Vivis"_] II. 5. eorum autem castrorum [castorum] III. 6. obscurare ... continere [_"-ari", "-eri" corrected by hand to "-are", "-ere"_] III. 7. contentum esse dicebas [_"se" corrected by hand to esse_] IV. 9. sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat [_"et" added by hand_] partes Italiae [partesJ taliae] [10]statuisti quo [_"loco" added by hand before "quo": see "scil." ff. in Notes_] V. 11. ... periclitanda rei ... Catilina, [_printed at consecutive line-ends as "... periclitanda re" and "... Catilinai"_] V. 12. magna et perniciosa sentina [_omitted word "sentina" supplied from Notes and other editions_] rei publicae [_printed as one word_] VII. 16. Sic enim [enam] VII. 17. Etsi me meis civibus [Esti] VII. 18. esse in metu propter unum te [matu] IX. 22. a rei publicae periculis sejungatur [pablicae] concita perditos cives, [_, missing_] X.--25. [_text has "23" (without period) for "25."_] X. 26. in tanto numero tuorum [turorum] X. 27. vexare rem publicam posses [publiciam] XI. 27. principem conjurationis [principem, conjurationis] XI. 29. incendio conflagraturum?' [_close quote missing_] XII. 30. verum etiam strips [_"strips" corrected by hand to "stirps"_] XIII. 33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, [_"omnibus" changed by hand to "ominibus" to agree with Notes: both readings are possible_] Footnote Tags I. 2. [6] [7] I. 3. [10] [_There is no note corresponding to this tag_] II. 5 [4] [_missing_] III. 8 [4] [_missing_] V. 11. [8], [9] [_numbers reversed_] VIII. 21. [5]prosequantur. [6] IX. 22. [2]Te ut ulla res frangat? [_missing_] X. 26. [5] [_missing; following two tags numbered 5 and 6_] XI. 28. supplicio [4]rogatae sunt? [_missing_] Notes [Long dashes were changed to hyphens in contexts such as "_-re_ to _-ris_" and "compounds of _-lego_". A few Greek words were missing accents or breathing marks.] I. 1. 1. quo usque--nostra? [quosque] I. 1. 6. "to toss the head contemptuously," [ontemptuously] I. 1. 10. used partitively [uses] II. 4. 4: [5] II. 5. 1: [_text has extraneous header "§ 7.--"_] II. 5. 4: [_printed as part of note 3_] II. 5. 6: or as Wilkins translates [Wilkin's] II. 5. 8: ... "you will be ordered to be put to death." [_first "be" added by transcriber_] III. 6. 9: ... (root _mun_, to defend: cp. +amunein+) [_close parenthesis missing_] III. 7. 9: here used in the sense of _impediendorum_: [_impediendorum_:" with superfluous close quote] ---- _num--dicebas?_ [_printed ? for !_] IV. 6. 7: [_Note number missing_] IV. 9. 6: _Sententiam rogo_ is said [vogo] VI. 14. 4: _tanti--immanitas_ [_printed as part of note 3_] VI. 16. 1: --_de manibus_ is explanatory [mauibus] VII. 18. 4: the persecution came to nothing [came so] VII. 18. 5: _praetor peregrinus_ [_printed as "_praetor_ peregrinus" (wrong word, not italicized)_] VIII. 19. 2: _quid? quod_: see note 11, § 16. [16, § 11] VIII. 20. 5: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement [deferee] IX. 24. 2: 2: _qui--armati?_ "to wait for you arms [_Text given as printed: missing words after "you"?_] X. 26. 3: 3: _ad--stuprum_: [struprum] XI. 27. 4: by imploring (_precari_) their aid." [_close quote missing_] XI. 28. 3: _an leges?_ [au] XII. 30. 2: this explains this subjunctive. [suhjunctive] XII. 30. 6: but cannot for ever be suppressed [_printed "can-/for ever" at line break_] XIII. 31. 1: _jamdiu_: [jamdia] XIII. 33. 2: "with the best interests [_open quote missing_] ---- z, 472 [_error for Z = Zumpt?_] XIII. 33. 6: _arcebis_: [_Note number missing_] Vocabulary The word "invisible" means that there is an appropriately sized empty space in the text. [)a]d[)u]lescent-ulus ... A young man; [youn] [)a]l[)i]qu-ando, adv. (aliquis ... [_No closing parenthesis_] comp[)e]t-ītor, ōris, m. [com = cum; [[com = bum] con-c[)u]pi-sco [can-] conjūrā-t[)i]o, ōnis, f. (conjūr[a]-o, [_"co jūr[a]-o" with invisible n_] custōd[)i]-a, ae, f. (custod-io) [eustod-io] dź-b[)e]o ... in duty bound [dutg] moen[)i]a, ium ... Defensive wall [Defeusive] nźqu-[)i]t[)i]a, ae, f. (nequ-am) [_Open parenthesis missing_] p[)a]tr-[)i]us, a, um ... as noun, f. (sc. terra) [_"te ra" with invisible r_] p[)e]n[)i]-tus ... From within; [withiu] prae-dīco .. To say beforehand [sag] quis, quae, quid ... preceded by ne, si, nisi, [nisl] r[)e]-linquo, līqui, lictum, linqu[)e]re, [liuqu[)e]re] r[)e]l[)i]qu-us, a, um, adj. (rel[n]qu-o) [_Text shown as printed: error for "reli[n]qu-o"?_] sź-men, [)i]nis, n. (for sā-men, fr. sa, true root of sero) [_; for close parenthesis_] sum, esse ... To be [Te be] t[)a]c[)e]o, [)u]i, [)i]tum, t[)a]cźre, n. _To be silent._ [_Infinite displaced to previous entry: "t[)a]citurn-[)i]tas, ātis, t[)a]cźre,"_] temp-to ... (also written ten-to, fr. teneo) [ten-td] t[)i]m[)e]o, ūi, no sup., t[)i]mźre, [t[)i]nźre] trans-f[)e]ro ... To bear across [ucross] voln[)e]r-o, āvi, ātus sum, [voln[)e]r-o, āvi, ātissu,] End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of First Oration of Cicero Against Catiline, by John Henderson *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST ORATION OF CICERO - CATILINE *** ***** This file should be named 24967-8.txt or 24967-8.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/9/6/24967/ Produced by Louise Hope, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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