The Project Gutenberg EBook of Meng Xi Bi Tan, Volume 22-26 [1031-1095 A.D.], by Kuo Shen This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Meng Xi Bi Tan, Volume 22-26 [1031-1095 A.D.] Author: Kuo Shen Release Date: May 10, 2009 [EBook #7316] Release Date: January, 2005 First Posted: April 11, 2003 Language: Chinese Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MENG XI BI TAN, VOLUME 22-26 *** Produced by Sally Yo 【卷二十二 謬誤譎詐附】 東南之美,有會稽之竹箭。竹為竹,箭為箭,蓋二物也。今采箭以為矢, 而通謂矢為箭者,因其箭名之也。至於用木為笴,而謂之箭,則謬矣。 丁晉公之逐,土大夫遠嫌,莫敢與之通聲問。一日,忽有一書與執政。執 政得之,不敢發,立具上聞。洎發之,乃表也,深自敘致,詞頗哀切。其 間兩句曰:「雖遷陵之罪大,念立主之功多。」遂有北還之命。謂多智變 ,以流人無因達章秦,遂托為執政書。度以上聞,因蒙寬宥。 嘗有人自 負才名,後為進士狀首,揚歷貴近。曾謫官知海州,有筆工善畫水,召使 畫便廳掩障,自為之記,自書丁壁間。後人以其時名,至今嚴護之。其間 敘畫水之因曰:「設於聽事,以代反坫。」人莫不怪之。余竊意其心,以 謂「邦君屏塞門,管氏亦屏塞門;邦君為兩君之好,有反坫,管氏亦有反 坫。」其文相屬,故繆以屏為反坫耳。 段成式《酉陽雜俎》記事多誕。 其間敘草木異物,尤多謬妄。率記異國所出,欲無根柢。如云「一木五香 :根旃檀,節沉香,花雞舌,葉藿,膠薰陸。」此尤謬。旃檀與沉香,兩 木元異。雞舌即今丁香耳,今藥品中所用者亦非。藿香自是草葉,南方至 多。薰陸,小木而大葉,海南亦有薰陸,乃其膠也,今謂之乳頭香。五物 迥殊,元非同類。 丁晉公從車駕巡幸,禮成,有詔賜輔臣玉帶。時輔臣 八人,行在祗侯庫止有七帶。尚衣有帶,謂之比玉,價直數百萬,上欲以 賜輔臣,以足其數。晉公心欲之,而位在七人之下,度必不及已。乃諭有 司,不須發尚衣帶,自有小私帶,且可服之以謝,候還京別賜可也。有司 具以此聞。既各受賜,而晉公一帶僅如指闊。上顧謂近侍曰:「丁謂帶與 同列大殊,速求一帶易之。」有司奏「唯有尚衣御帶」,遂以賜之。其帶 熙寧中復歸內府。 黃宗旦晚年病目。每奏事,先具奏目,成誦於口。至 上前,展奏目誦之,其實不見也。同列害之。密以他書易其奏目,宗旦不 知也。至上前,所誦與奏目不同,歸乃覺之。遂乞致仕。 京師賣卜者, 唯利舉場時舉人占得失。取之各有術:有求目下之利者,凡有人問,皆日 「必得。」士人樂得所欲,竟往問之。有邀以後之利者,凡有人問,悉日 「不得」。下第者常過十分之七,皆以謂術精而言直,後舉倍獲。有因此 著名。終身饗利者。 包孝肅尹京,號為明察。有編民犯法,當杖脊。吏 受賕,與之約曰:「今見尹,必付我責狀。汝第呼號自辯,我與汝分此罪 。汝決杖,我亦決杖。」既而包引囚問畢,果付吏責狀。囚如吏言,分辯 不已。吏大聲訶之曰:「但受脊杖出去,何用多言!」包謂其市權,捽吏 於庭,杖之十七。特寬囚罪,止從杖坐,以抑吏勢。不知乃為所賣,卒如 素約。小人為奸,固難防也。孝肅天性峭嚴,未嘗有笑容,人謂「包希仁 笑比黃河清」。 李溥為江、淮發運使,每歲奏計,則以大船載東南美貨 ,結納當途,莫知紀極。章獻太后垂簾時,溥因奏事,盛稱浙茶之美,云 :「自來進御,唯建州餅茶,而浙茶未嘗修貢。本司以羨余錢買到數千斤 ,乞進入內。」自國門挽船而入,稱進奉茶綱,有司不敢問。所貢余者, 悉入私室。溥晚年以賄敗,竄謫海州。然自此遂為發運司歲例,每發運使 入奏,舳艫蔽川,自泗州七日至京。余出使淮南時,見有重載入汴者,求 得其籍,言兩浙箋紙三暖船,他物稱是。 崔融為《瓦松賦》云:「謂之 木也,訪山客而未詳;謂之草也,驗農皇而罕記。」段成式難之曰:「崔 公博學,無不該悉,豈不知瓦松已有著說?」引梁簡文詩:「依簷映昔耶 。」成式以昔耶為瓦松,殊不知昔耶乃是垣衣,瓦松自名昨葉,保成式亦 自不識? 江南陳彭年,博學書史,於禮文尤所詳練。歸朝列於侍從,朝 廷郊廟禮儀,多委彭年裁定,援引故事,頗為詳洽。嘗攝太常卿,導駕, 誤行黃道上。有司止之,彭年正色回顧曰:「自有典故。」禮曹素畏其該 洽,不復敢詰問。 海物有車渠,蛤屬也,大者如箕,背有渠壟,如蚶殼 ,故以為器,致如白玉。生南海。《尚書大傳》曰:「文王囚於羑裡,散 宜生得大貝,如車渠以獻紂。」鄭康成乃解之曰:「渠,車罔也。」蓋康 成不識車渠,謬解之耳。 李獻臣好為雅言。曾知鄭州,時孫次公為陝漕 罷赴闕,先遣一使臣入京。所遣乃獻臣故吏,到鄭庭參,獻臣甚喜,欲令 左右延飯,乃問之曰:「餐來未?」使臣誤意「餐」者謂次公也,遽對曰 :「離長安日,都運待制已治裝。」獻臣曰:「不問孫待制,官人餐來未 ?」其人慚沮而言曰:「不敢仰昧,為三司軍將日,曾吃卻十三。」蓋鄙 語謂遭杖為餐。獻臣掩口曰:「官人誤也。問曾與未曾餐飯,欲奉留一食 耳」。 【卷二十三 譏謔】 石曼卿為集賢校理,微行倡館。為不逞者所窘。曼卿醉與之校,為街司所 錄。曼卿詭怪不羈,謂主者曰:「只乞就本廂科決,欲詰旦歸館供職。」 廂帥不喻其謔,曰:「此必三館吏人也。」杖而遣之。 司馬相如敘上林 諸水曰:丹水、紫淵,灞、滻、涇、渭,「八川分流,相背而異態」,「 灝溔潢漾」,「東注太湖。」李善註:「太湖,所謂震澤。」按八水皆入 大河,如何得東注震澤?又白樂天《長恨歌》云:「峨嵋山下少人行,旌 旗無光日色薄。」峨嵋在嘉州,與幸蜀路全無交涉。杜甫《武侯廟柏》詩 云:「霜皮溜雨四十圍,黛色參天二千尺。」四十圍乃是徑七尺,無乃太 細長乎?防風氏身廣九畝,長三尺,姬室畝廣六尺,九畝乃五丈四尺,如 此防風之身,乃一餅餤耳。此亦文章之病也。 庫藏中物,物數足而名差 互者,帳籍中謂之「色繳」。音叫。嘗有一從官,知審官西院,引見一武 人,於格合遷官,其人自陳年六十,無材力,乞致仕,敘致謙厚,甚有可 觀。主判攘手曰:「某年七十二,尚能拳歐數人。此轅門也,方六十歲, 豈得遽自引退!」京師人謂之「色繳」。 舊日官為中允者極少,唯老於 幕官者。累資方至,故為之者多潦倒之人。近歲州縣官進用者,多除中允 。遂有「冷中允」、「熱中允」。又集賢院修撰,舊多以館閣久次者為之 。近歲有自常官超授要任,未至從官者多除修撰。亦有「冷撰」、「熱撰 」。時人謂「熱中允不博冷修撰。」 梅詢為翰林學士,一日,書詔頗多 ,屬思甚苦,操觚循階而行,忽見一老卒,臥於日中,欠伸甚適。梅忽歎 曰:「暢哉!」徐問之曰:「汝識字乎?」曰:「不識字。」梅曰:「更 快活也!」 有一南方禪到京師,衣間緋袈裟。主事僧素不識南宗體式, 以為妖服,執歸有司,尹正見之,亦遲疑未能斷。良久,喝出禪僧,以袈 裟送報慈寺泥迦葉披之。人以謂此僧未有見處,卻是知府具一隻眼。 士 人應敵文章,多用他人議論,而非心得。時人為之語曰:「問即不會,用 則不錯。」 張唐卿進士第一人及第,期集於興國寺,題壁云:「一舉首 登龍虎榜,十年身到鳳凰池。」有人續其下云:「君看姚曄並梁固,不得 朝官未可知。」後果終於京官。 信安、滄、景之間,多蚊虻。夏月,牛 馬皆以泥塗之,不爾多為蚊虻所斃。效行不敢乘馬,馬為蚊虻所毒,則狂 逸不可制。行人以獨輪小車,馬鞍蒙之以乘,謂之「木馬」。挽車者皆衣 韋褲。冬月作小坐床,冰上拽之,謂之「凌床」。余嘗按察河朔,見挽床 者相屬,問其所用,曰:「此運使凌床」,「此提刑凌床」也。聞者莫不 掩口。 廬山簡寂觀道士王告,好學有文,與星子令相善。有邑豪修醮, 告當為都工。都工薄有施利,一客道士自言衣紫,當為都工,訟於星子云 :「職位顛倒,稱號不便。」星子令封牒與告,告乃判牒曰:「客僧做寺 主,俗諺有云:散眾奪都工,教門無例。雖紫衣與黃衣稍異,奈本觀與別 觀不同。非為稱呼,蓋利乎其中有物;妄自尊顯,豈所謂大道無名。宜自 退藏,無抵刑憲。」告後歸本貫登科,為健吏,至祠部員外郎、江南西路 提點刑獄而卒。 舊制,三班奉職月俸錢七百,驛羊肉半斤。祥符中,有 人為詩,題所在驛捨間曰:「三班奉職實堪悲,卑賤孤寒即可知。七百料 錢何日富,半斤羊肉幾時肥。」朝廷聞之曰:「如此何以責廉隅?」遂增 今俸。 嘗有一名公,初任縣尉,有舉人投書索米,戲為一詩答之曰:「 五貫九百五十俸,省錢請作足錢用。妻兒尚未厭糟糠,僮僕豈免遭饑凍? 贖典贖解不曾休,吃酒吃肉何曾夢?為報江南癡秀才,更來謁索覓甚甕。 」熙寧中,例增選人俸錢,不復有五貫九百俸者,此實養廉隅之本也。 石曼卿初登科,有人訟科場,覆考落數人,曼卿是其數。時方期集於興國 寺,符至,追所賜敕牒靴服。數人皆啜泣而起,曼卿獨解靴袍還使人,露 體戴帕頭,復坐,語笑終席而去。次日,被黜者皆授三班借職。曼卿為一 絕句曰:「無才且作三班借,請俸爭如錄事參。從此罷稱鄉貢進,且須走 馬東西南。」 蔡景繁為河南軍巡判官日,緣事至留司御史台閱案牘,得 乾德中回南郊儀仗使司牒檢云:「準來文取索本京大駕鹵簿,勘會本京鹵 簿儀仗,先於清泰年中,末帝將帶逃走,不知所在。」 江南寧齊丘,智 謀之士也。自以謂江南有精兵三十萬:士卒十萬,大江當十萬,而已當十 萬。江南初主,本徐溫養子,及僣號,遷徐氏於海陵。中主繼統,用齊丘 謀,徐氏無男女少長,皆殺之。其後,齊丘嘗有一小兒病,閉閣謝客,中 主置燕召之,亦不出。有老樂工,且雙瞽,作一詩書紙鳶上,放入齊丘第 中,詩曰:「化家為國實良圖,總是先生畫計謨。一個小兒拋不得,上皇 當日合何如?」海陵州宅之東,至今有小兒墳數十,皆當時所殺徐氏之族 也。 有一故相遠派在姑蘇,有嬉游,書其壁曰:「大丞相再從侄某嘗游 。」有士人李璋,素好訕謔,題其傍曰:「混元皇帝三十七代孫李璋繼至 。」 吳中一士人,曾為轉運司別試解頭,以此自負,好附托顯位。是時 侍御史李制知常州,丞相莊敏龐公知湖州。士人游毗陵,挈其徒飲倡家, 顧謂一騶卒曰:「汝往白李二,我在此飲,速遣有司持酒餚來。」李二, 謂李御史也。俄頃,郡廚以飲食至,甚為豐腆。有一蓐醫。適在其家,見 其事,後至御史之家,因語及之。李君極怪,使人捕得騶卒,乃兵馬都監 所假,受士人教戒,就使庖買飲食,以紿坐客耳。李乃杖騶卒,使街司白 士人出城。郡僚有相善者,出與之別,唁之曰:「倉卒遽行,當何所詣? 」士人應之曰:「且往湖州,依龐九耳。」聞者莫不大笑。 館閣每夜輪 校官一人直宿,如有故不宿,則虛其夜,謂之「豁宿」。故事,豁宿不得 過四,至第五日即須入宿。遇豁宿,例於宿歷名位下書:「腹肚不安,免 宿。」故館閣宿歷,相傳謂之「害肚歷」。 吳人多謂梅子為「曹公」, 以其嘗望梅止渴也。又謂鵝為「右軍」,以其好養鵝也。有一士人遺人醋 梅與燖鵝,作書云:「醋浸曹公一甏,湯燖右軍兩只,聊備於饌。」 【卷二十四 雜誌一】 延州今有五城,說者以謂舊有東西二城,夾河對立;高萬興典郡,始展南 北東三關城。余因讀杜甫詩云:「五城何迢迢,迢迢隔河水。」「延州秦 北戶,關防猶可倚。」乃知天寶中已有五城矣。 鄜、延境內有石油,舊 說「高奴縣出脂水」,即此也。生於水際,沙石與泉水相雜,惘惘而出, 土人以雉尾甃之,用采入缶中。頗似淳漆,然之如麻,但煙甚濃,所沾幄 幕皆黑。余疑其煙可用,試掃其煤以為墨,黑光如漆,松墨不及也,遂大 為之,其識文為「延川石液」者是也。此物後必大行於世,自余始為之。 蓋石油至多,生於地中無窮,不若松木有時而竭。今齊、魯間松林盡矣, 漸至太行、京西、江南,松山大半皆童矣。造煤人蓋知石煙之利也。石炭 煙亦大,墨人衣。余戲為《延州詩》云:「二郎山下雪紛紛,旋卓穹廬學 塞人。化盡素衣冬未老,石煙多似洛陽塵。」 解州鹽澤之南,秋夏間多 大風,謂之「鹽南風」,其勢發屋拔木,幾欲動地,然東與南皆不過中條 ,西不過席張舖,北不過鳴條,縱廣止於數十里之間。解鹽不得此風不冰 ,蓋大鹵之氣相感,莫知其然也。又汝南亦多大風,雖不及鹽南之厲,然 亦甚於他處,不知緣何如此?或云:「自城北風穴山中出。」今所謂風穴 者已夷以矣,而汝南自若,了知非有穴也。方諺云:「汝州風,許州蔥。 」其來素矣。 昔人文章用北狄事,多言黑山。黑山在大幕之北,今謂之 姚家族,有城在其西南,謂之慶州。余奉使,嘗帳宿其下。山長數十里, 土石皆紫黑,似今之磁石。有水出其下,所謂黑水也。胡人言黑水原下委 高,水曾逆流。余臨視之,無此理,亦常流耳。山在水之東。大底北方水 多黑色,故有盧龍郡。北人謂水為龍,盧龍即黑水也。黑水之西有連山, 謂之夜來山,極高峻。契丹墳墓皆在山之東南麓,近西有遠祖射龍廟,在 山之上,有龍舌藏於廟中,其形如劍。山西別是一族,尤為勁悍,唯啖生 肉血,不火食,胡人謂之「山西族」,北與「黑水胡」、南與「達靼」接 境。 余姻家朝散郎王九齡常言:其祖貽永侍中,有女子嫁諸司使夏偕, 因病危甚,服醫朱嚴藥,遂差。貂蟬喜甚,置酒慶之。女子於坐間求為朱 嚴奏官,貂蟬難之,曰:「今歲恩例已許門醫劉公才,當候明年。」女子 乃哭而起,逕歸不可留。貂蟬追謝之,遂召公才,諭以女子之意,輟是歲 恩命以授朱嚴。制下之日而嚴死。公才乃囑王公曰:「朱嚴未受命而死, 法容再奏。」公然之,再為公才請。及制下,公才之尉氏縣,使人召之。 公才方飲酒,聞得官,大喜,遂暴卒。一四門助教,而死二醫。一官不可 妄得,況其大者乎。 趙韓王治第,麻搗錢一千二百余貫,其他可知。蓋 屋皆以板為笪,上以方磚甃之,然後布瓦,至今完壯。塗壁以麻搗土,世 俗遂謂塗壁麻為麻搗。 契丹北境有跳兔,形皆兔也,但前足才寸許,後 足幾一尺。行則用後足跳,一躍數尺,止則蹶然撲地。生於契丹慶州之地 大莫中。余使虜日,捕得數兔持歸。蓋《爾雅》所謂劂兔也,亦日「蛩蛩 巨驢」也。 蟭蟟之小而綠色者,北人謂之螓,即《詩》所謂「螓首蛾眉 」者也,取其頂深且方也。又閩人謂大蠅為胡螓,亦螓之類也。 北方有 白雁,似雁而小,色白,秋深則來。白雁至則霜降,河北人謂之「霜信」 。杜甫詩云:「故國霜前白雁來。」即此也。 熙寧中,初行淤田法。論 者以謂《史記》所載:「涇水一斛,其泥數鬥,且糞且溉,長我禾黍。」 所謂「糞」,即「淤」也。余出使至宿州,得一石碑,乃唐人鑿六陟門, 發汴水以淤下澤,民獲其利,刻石以頌刺史之功。則淤田之法,其來蓋久 矣。 余奉使河北,邊太行而北,山崖之間,往往銜螺蚌殼及石子如鳥卵 者,橫亙石壁如帶。此乃昔之海濱,今東距海已近千里。所謂大陸者,皆 濁泥所湮耳。堯殛鯀於羽山,舊說在東海中,今乃在平陸。凡大河、漳水 、滹沱、涿水、桑乾之類,悉是濁流。今關、陝以西,水行地中,不減百 余尺,其泥歲東流,皆為大陸之土,此理必然。 唐李翱為《來南錄》云 :「自淮沿流,至於高郵,乃泝至於江。」《孟子》所謂「決汝、漢,排 淮、泗而注之江。」則淮、泗固嘗入江矣。此乃禹之舊跡也。熙寧中,曾 遣使按圖求之,故道宛然。但江、淮已深,其流無復能至高郵耳。 余中 表兄李善勝,曾與數年輩煉硃砂為丹。經歲余,因沐砂再入鼎,誤遺下一 塊,其徒丸服之,遂發懵冒,一夕而斃。硃砂至涼藥,初生嬰子可服,因 火力所變,遂能殺人。以變化相對言之,既能變而為大毒,豈不能變而為 大善?既能變而殺人,則宜有能生人之理,但未得其術耳。以此和神仙羽 化之方,不可謂之無,然亦不可不戒也。 溫州雁蕩山,天下奇秀,然自 古圖牒,未嘗有言者。祥符中,因造玉清宮,伐山取材,方有人見之,此 時尚未有名。按西域書,阿羅漢諾矩羅居震旦東南大海際雁蕩山芙蓉峰龍 湫。唐僧貫休為《諾矩羅贊》,有「雁蕩經行雲漠漠,龍湫宴坐雨濛濛」 之句。此山南有芙蓉峰,峰下芙蓉驛,前瞰大海,然未知雁蕩、龍湫所在 。後因伐木,始見此山。山頂有大池。相傳以為雁蕩。下有二潭水,以為 龍湫。又以經行峽、宴坐峰,皆後人以貫休詩名之也。謝靈運為永嘉守, 凡永嘉山水,游歷殆遍,獨不言此山,蓋當時未有雁蕩之名。余觀雁蕩諸 峰,皆峭拔崟怪,上聳千尺,窮崖巨谷,不類他山。皆包在諸谷中,自嶺 外望之,都無所見;至谷中,則森然千霄。原其理,當是為谷中大水沖激 ,沙土盡去,唯巨石巋然挺立耳。如大小龍湫、水簾、初月谷之類,皆是 水鑿音漕去聲。之穴,自下望之,則高巖峭壁;從上觀之,適與地平,以 至諸峰之頂,亦低於山頂之地面。世間溝壑中水鑿之處,皆有植土龕巖, 亦此類耳。今成皋、峽西大澗中,立土動及百尺,迥然聳立,亦雁蕩具體 而微者,但此土彼石耳。既非挺出地上,則為深谷林莽所蔽,故古人未見 ,靈運所不至,理不足怪也。 內諸司捨屋,唯秘閣最宏壯。閣下穹隆高 敞,相傳謂之「木天」。 嘉祐中,蘇州昆山縣海上,有一船桅折,風飄 抵岸。船中有三十餘人,衣冠如唐人,系紅□角帶,短皂布衫。見人皆慟 哭,語方不可曉。試令書字,字亦不可讀。行則相綴如雁行。久之,自出 一書示人,乃唐天祐中告授屯羅島首領陪戎副尉制;又有一書,乃是上高 麗表,亦稱屯羅島,皆用漢字。蓋東夷之臣屬高麗者。船中有諸谷,唯麻 子大如蓮的,蘇人種之,初歲亦如蓮的,次年漸小。數年後只如中國麻子 。時贊善大夫韓正彥知昆山縣事,召其人,犒以酒食。食罷,以手捧首而 □。意若歡感。正彥使人為其治桅,桅舊植船木上,不可動,工人為之造 轉軸,教其起倒之法。其人又喜,復捧首而□。 熙寧中,珠輦國使人入 貢,乞依本國俗撒殿,詔從之。使人以金盤貯珠,跪捧於殿檻之間,以金 蓮花酌珠,向御座撒之,謂之「撒殿,」乃其國至敬之禮也。朝退,有司 掃徹得珠十餘兩,分賜是日侍殿閣門使副內臣。 方家以磁石磨針鋒,則 能指南,然常微偏東,不全南也,水浮多蕩搖。指爪及碗唇上皆可為之, 運轉尤速,但堅滑易墜,不若縷懸為最善。其法取新纊中獨繭縷,以芥子 許蠟,綴於針腰,無風處懸之,則針常指南。其中有磨而指北者。余家指 南、北者皆有之。磁石之指南,猶柏之指西,莫可原其理。 歲首畫鐘馗 於門,不右起自何時。皇祐中,金陵發一塚,有石志,乃宋宗愨母鄭夫人 。宗愨有妹名鐘道,則知鐘馗之設亦遠。 信州杉溪驛捨中,有婦人題壁 數百言。自敘世家本士族,父母以嫁三班奉職鹿生之子;鹿忘其名。娩娠 方三日,鹿生利月俸。逼令上道,遂死於杉溪。將死,乃書此壁,具逼迫 苦楚之狀,恨父母遠,無地赴訴。言極哀切,頗有詞藻,讀者無不感傷。 既死,稿葬之驛後山下。行人過此,多為之憤激,為詩以吊之者百余篇。 人集之,謂之《鹿奴詩》,其間甚有佳句。鹿生,夏文莊家奴,人惡其貪 忍,故斥為「鹿奴」。 士人以氏族相高,雖從古有人,然未嘗著盛。自 魏氏銓總人物,以氏族相高,亦未專任門地。唯四夷則全以氏族為貴賤。 如天竺以剎利、婆羅門二姓為貴種:自余皆為庶姓,如毗捨、首陀是也。 其下又有貧四姓,如工、巧、純、陀是也。其他諸國亦如是。國主大臣, 各有種姓,苟非貴種,國人莫肯歸之;庶性雖有勞能,亦自甘居大姓之下 。至今如此。自後魏據中原,此俗遂盛行於中國,故有八氏、十姓、三十 六族、九十二姓。凡三世公者曰「膏梁」,有令僕者曰「華腴」。尚書、 領、護而上者為「甲姓」,九卿、方伯者為「乙姓」,散騎常侍、太中大 夫者為:「丙姓」,吏部正員郎為「丁姓」。得入者謂之「四姓」。其後 遷易紛爭,莫能堅定,遂取前世仕籍,定以博陵崔、范陽盧、隴西李、滎 陽鄭為甲族。唐高宗時又增太原王、清河崔、趙郡李,通謂「七姓」。然 地勢相傾,互相排抵,各自著書,盈編連簡,殆數十家,至於朝廷為之置 官譔定。而流習所徇,扇以成俗,雖國勢不能排奪。大率高下五等,通有 百家,皆謂之士族,此外悉為庶姓,婚宦皆不敢與百家齒,陝西李氏乃皇 族,亦自列在第三,其重族望如此。一等之內,又如崗頭盧、澤底李、土 門崔、靖恭楊之類,自為鼎族。其俗至唐末方漸衰息。 茶牙,古人謂之 雀舌、麥顆,言其至嫩也。今茶之美者,其質素良,而所植之木又美,則 新牙一發,便長寸餘,其細如針。唯牙長為上品,以其質榦、土力皆有餘 故也。如雀舌、麥顆者,極下材耳,乃北人不識,誤為品題。余山居有《 茶論》,《嘗茶》詩云:「誰把嫩香名雀舌?定知北客示曾嘗。不知靈草 天然異,一夜風吹一寸長。」 閩中荔枝,核有小如丁香者,多肉而甘。 土人亦能為之,取荔枝木去其宗根,仍火燔令焦,復種之,以大石抵其根 ,但令傍根得生,其核乃小,種之不復牙。正如六畜去勢,則多肉而不復 有子耳。 元豐中,慶州界生子方蟲,方為秋田之害。忽有一蟲生,如土 中狗蠍,其喙有鉗,千萬蔽地。遇子方蟲,則以鉗搏之,悉為兩段。旬日 ,子方皆盡。歲以大穰。其是舊曾有之,土人謂之傍不肯。 養鷹鸇者, 其類相語,謂之□以麥反。漱。三館書有《□漱》三卷,皆養鷹鸇法度, 及醫療之術。 處士劉易,隱居王屋山。嘗於齋中見一大蜂,□於蛛網, 蛛搏之,為蜂所螫墜地。俄頃,蛛鼓腹欲烈,徐行入草。蛛嚙芋梗微破, 以瘡就嚙處磨之,良久腹漸消,輕躁如故。自後人有為蜂螫者,挼芋梗傅 之則愈。 宋明帝好食蜜漬鱁□,一食數升。鱁□乃今之烏賊腸也,如何 以蜜漬食之?大業中,吳郡貢蜜蟹二千頭、蜜擁劍四甕。又何胤嗜糖蟹。 大底南人嗜鹹,北人嗜甘。魚蟹加糖蜜,蓋便於北俗也。如今之北方人, 喜用麻油煎物,不問何物,皆用油煎。慶歷中,群學士會於玉堂,使人置 得生蛤蜊一簣,令饔人烹之。久且不至,客訝之,使人檢視,則曰:「煎 之已焦黑,而尚未爛。」坐客莫不大笑。余嘗過親家設饌,有油煎法魚, 鱗鬣虯然,無下筋處。主人則捧而橫嚙,終不能咀嚼而罷。 漳州界有一 水,號烏腳溪,涉者足皆如黑。數十里間,水皆不可飲,飲則病瘴,行人 皆載水自隨。梅龍圖公儀宦州縣時,沿牒至漳州;素多病,預憂瘴癘為害 ,至烏腳溪,使數人肩荷之,以物蒙身,恐為毒水所沾。兢惕過甚,瞧盱 矍鑠,忽墜水中,至於沒頂。乃出之,舉體黑如崑崙,自謂必死。然自此 宿病盡除,頓覺康健,無復昔之羸瘵。又不知何也? 北嶽恆山,今謂之 大茂山者是也。半屬契丹,以大茂山分脊為界。岳祠舊在山下,石晉之後 ,稍遷近裡。今其地謂之神棚,今祠乃在曲陽。祠北有望岳亭,新晴氣清 ,則望見大茂。祠中多唐人故碑,殿前一亭,中有李克用題名云:「太原 河東節度使李克用,親領步騎五十萬,問罪幽陵,回師自飛狐路即歸雁門 。」今飛狐路在茂之西,自銀治寨北出倒馬關,度虜界,卻自石門子、令 水舖入瓶形、梅回兩寨之間,至代州。今此路已不通,唯北寨西出承天閣 路,可至河東,然路極峭狹。太平興國中,車駕自太原移幸垣山,乃由土 門路。至今有行宮。 鎮陽池苑之盛,冠於諸鎮,乃王鎔時海子園也。鎔 嘗館李正威於此。亭館尚是舊物,皆甚壯麗。鎮人喜大言,矜大其池,謂 之「潭園」,蓋不知昔嘗謂之「海子」矣。中山人常好與鎮人相雌雄,中 山城北園中亦有大池,遂謂之海子,以壓鎮之潭園。余熙寧中奉使鎮定, 時薛師政為定帥,乃與之同議,展海子直抵西城中山王塚,悉為稻田。引 新河水注之,清波瀰漫數里,頗類江鄉矣。 【卷二十五 雜誌二】 宣州寧國縣多積首蛇,其長盈尺,黑鱗白章,兩首文彩同,但一首逆鱗耳 。人家庭檻間,動有數十同空,略如蚯蚓。 太子中允關杞曾提舉廣南西 路常平倉,行部邕管,一吏人為蟲所毒,舉身潰爛。有一醫言能治。呼使 視之,曰:「此為天蛇所螫,疾已深,不可為也。」乃以藥傅其創,有腫 起處,以鉗拔之。有物如蛇,凡取十餘條而疾不起。又余家祖塋在錢塘西 溪,嘗有一田家,忽病癩,通身潰爛,號呼欲絕。西溪寺僧識之,曰:「 此天蛇毒耳,非癩也。」取木皮煮,飲一斗許,令其恣飲。初識疾減半, 兩三日頓愈。驗其木,乃今之秦皮也。然不知天蛇何物。或云:「草間黃 花蜘蛛是也。人遭其螫,仍為露水所濡,乃成此疾。」露涉者亦當戒也。 天聖中,侍御史知雜事章頻使遼,死於虜中。虜中無棺櫬,舉至范陽方就 殮,自後遼人常造數漆棺,以銀飾之,每有使人入境,則載以隨行,至今 為例。 景祐中,黨項首領趙德明卒,其子元昊嗣立。朝廷遣郎官楊告入 蕃弔祭。告至其國中,元昊遷延遙立,屢促之,然後至前受詔。及拜起, 顧其左右曰:「先王大錯!有國如此,而乃臣屬於人。」既而饗告於廳, 其東屋後若千百人鍛聲。告陰知其有異志,還朝,秘不敢言。未幾,元昊 果叛。其徒遇乞,先創造蕃書,獨居一樓上,累年方成,至是獻之。元昊 乃改元,製衣冠、禮樂,下令國中,悉用蕃書、胡禮,自稱大夏。朝廷興 師問罪,彌歲,虜之戰士益少,而舊臣宿將如剛浪□遇、野利輩,多以事 誅,元昊力孤,復奉表稱蕃。朝廷因赦之,許其自新。元昊乃更稱兀卒曩 宵。慶歷中,契丹舉兵討元昊,元昊與之戰,屢勝,而契丹至者日益加眾 。元昊望之,大駭曰:「何如此之眾也?」乃使人行成,退數十里以避之 。契丹不許,引兵壓西師陣。元昊又為之退捨,如是者三。凡退百余裡, 每退必盡焚其草萊。契丹之馬無所食,因其退,乃許平。元昊遷延數日, 以老北師。契丹馬益病,亟發軍攻之,大敗契丹於金肅城,獲其偽乘輿、 器服、子婿、近臣數十人而還。先是,元昊後房生一子,曰甯令受。「甯 令」者,華言大王也。其後又納沒臧訛哤之妹,生諒祚而愛之。甯令受之 母恚忌,欲除沒臧氏,授戈於甯令受,使圖之。甯令受間入元昊之室,卒 與元昊遇,遂刺之,不殊而走。諸大佐沒臧訛哤輩僕甯令,梟之。明日, 元昊死,立諒祚,而舅訛哤相之。有梁氏者,其先中國人,為訛哤子婦。 諒祚私焉,日視事於國,夜則從諸沒臧氏。訛哤懟甚,謀伏甲梁氏之宮, 須其入以殺之。梁氏私以告諒祚,乃使召訛哤,執於內室。沒臧,強宗也 ,子弟族人在外者八十余人;悉誅之,夷其宗。以梁氏為妻,又命其弟乞 埋為家相,許其世襲。諒祚凶忍,好為亂。治平中,遂舉兵犯慶州大順城 。諒祚乘駱馬,張黃屋,自出督戰。陴者縕弩射之中,乃解圍去。創甚, 馳入一佛祠。有牧牛兒不得出,懼伏佛座下,見其脫靴,血涴於踝,使人 裹創舁載而去。至其國,死。子秉常立,而梁氏自主國事。梁乞埋死,其 子移逋繼之,謂之沒甯令。「沒甯令」者,華言天大王也。秉常之世,執 國政者有嵬名浪遇,元昊之弟也,最老於軍事;以不附諸梁,遷下治而死 。存者三人,移逋以世襲居長契,次曰都羅馬尾,又次曰關萌訛,略知書 ,私侍梁氏。移逋、萌訛皆以暱倖進,唯馬尾粗有戰功,然皆庸才。秉常 荒孱,梁氏自主兵,不以屬其子。秉常不得志,素慕中國。有李青者,本 秦人,亡虜中。秉常暱之,因說秉常以河南歸朝廷。其謀洩,青為梁氏所 誅,而秉常廢。 古人論茶,唯言陽羨、顧渚、天柱、蒙頂之類,都未言 建溪。然唐人重串茶粘黑者,則已近乎「建餅」矣。建茶皆喬木;吳、蜀 、淮南唯叢蘢而已,品自居下。建茶勝處曰郝源、曾坑,其間又岔根、山 頂二品尤勝。李氏時號為北苑,置使領之。 信州鉛山縣有苦泉,流以為 澗。挹其水熬之,則成膽礬。烹膽礬則成銅;熬膽礬鐵釜,久之亦化為銅 。水能為銅,物之變化,固不可測。按《黃帝素問》有「天五行,地五行 ,土之所在天為濕,土能生金石,濕亦能生金石,」此其驗也。又石穴中 水,所滴皆為鐘乳、殷孽。春秋分時,汲井泉則結石花;大□之下,則生 陰精石,皆濕之所化也。如木之氣在天為風,木能生火,風亦能生火。蓋 五行之性也。 古之節如今之虎符,其用則有圭璋龍虎之別,皆櫝,將之 英蕩是也。漢人所持節,乃古之旄也。余在漢東,得一玉琥,美玉而微紅 ,酣酣如醉肌,溫潤明潔,或雲即玫瑰也。古人有以為幣者,《春官》「 以白琥禮西方」是也。有以為貨者,《左傳》「加以玉琥二」是也。有以 為瑞節者,「山國用虎節」是也。 國朝汴渠,發京畿輔郡三十餘縣夫, 歲一浚。祥符中,閣門祗侯使臣謝德權領治京畿溝洫,權借浚汴夫。自爾 後三歲一浚,始令京畿民官皆兼溝洫河道,以為常職。久之,治溝洫之工 漸弛,邑官徒帶空名,而汴渠有二十年不浚,歲歲堙澱。異時京師溝渠之 水皆入沐,舊尚書省都堂壁記雲,「疏治八渠,南入汴水」是也。自汴流 堙定,亦城東水門下至雍丘、襄邑,河底皆高出堤外平地一丈二尺餘。自 汴堤下瞰,民居如在深谷。熙寧中,議改疏洛水入汴。余嘗因出使,按行 汴渠,自京師上善門量至泗州淮口,凡八百四十里一百三十步。地勢,京 師之地比泗州凡高十九丈四尺八寸六分。於京城東數里白渠中穿井,至三 丈方見舊底。驗量地勢,用水平、望尺、斡尺量之,不能無小差。汴渠堤 外,皆是出土故溝,水令相通,時為一堰節其水;候水平,其上漸淺涸, 則又為一堰,相齒如階陛。乃量堰之上下水面,相高下之數會之,乃得地 勢高下之實。 唐風俗,人在遠或閨門間,則使人傳拜以為敬。本朝兩浙 仍有此俗。客至,欲致敬於閨闥,則立使人而拜之;使人入見所禮,乃再 拜致命。若有中外,則答拜;使人出,復拜客,客與之為禮如賓主。慶歷 中,王君貺使契丹。宴君貺於混融江,觀釣魚。臨歸,戎主置君酒謂貺曰 :「南北修好風歲久,恨不得親見南朝皇帝兄。托卿為傳一杯酒到南朝。 」乃自起酌酒,容甚恭,親授君貺舉杯;又自鼓琵琶,上南朝皇帝千萬歲 壽。先是,戎主之弟宗元為燕王,有全燕之眾,久畜異謀。戎主恐其陰附 朝廷,故特效恭順。宗元後卒以稱亂誅。 潘閬字逍遙。鹹平間有詩名。 與錢易、許洞為友,狂放不羈。嘗為詩曰:「散拽禪師來蹴踘,亂拖游女 上鞦韆。」此其自序之實也。後坐戶多遜黨亡命,捕跡甚急,閬乃變姓名 ,僧服入中條山。許洞密贈之詩曰:「潘逍遙,平生才氣如天高。仰天大 笑無所懼,天公嗔爾口呶呶。罰教臨老投補衲,歸中條。我願中條山神鎮 長在,驅雷叱電依前趕出這老怪。」後會赦,以四門助教召之,閬乃自歸 ,送信州安置。仍不懲艾,復為《掃市舞》詞曰:「出砒霜,價錢可。贏 得撥灰兼弄火。暢殺我。」以此為士人不齒,放棄終身。 江湖間唯畏大 風度。冬月風作有漸,船行可以為備;唯盛夏風起於顧盻間,往往罹難。 曾聞江國賈人有一術,可免此患。大凡夏月風景,須作於午後。欲行船者 ,五鼓初起,視星月明潔,四際至地,皆無雲氣,便可行;至於巳時即止 。如此,無復與暴風遇矣。國子博士李元規云:「平生游江湖,未嘗遇風 ,用此術。」 余使虜,至古契丹界,大薊茇如車蓋。中國無此大者。其 地名薊,恐其因此也,如楊州宜楊、荊州宜荊之類。荊或為楚,楚亦荊木 之別名也。 刁約使契丹,戲為四句詩曰:「抻燕移離畢,看房賀跋支。 餞行三匹裂,密賜十貔狸。」皆紀實也。移離畢,官名,如中國執政官。 加跋支,如執衣防閣。匹裂,小木罌,以色綾木為之,如黃漆。貔狸,形 如鼠而大,穴居,食果谷,嗜肉,狄人為珍膳,味如 □子而脆。 世傳江 西人好訟,有一書名《鄧思賢》,皆訟牒法也。其始則教以侮文;侮文不 可得,則欺誣以取之;欺誣不可得,則求其罪劫之。蓋思賢,人名也,人 傳其術,遂以之名書。村校中往往以授生徒。 蔡君謨嘗書小吳箋云:「 李及知杭州,市《白集》一部,乃為終身之恨,此君殊清節,可為世戒。 張乖崖鎮蜀,當遨遊時,士女環左右,終三年未嘗回顧。此君殊重厚,可 以為薄夫之檢押。」此帖今在張乖崖之孫堯夫家。余以謂買書而為終身之 恨,近於過激。苟其性如此,亦可尚也。 陳文忠為樞密,一日,日欲沒 時,忽有中人宣召。既入右掖,已昏黑,遂引入禁中。屈曲行甚久,時見 有簾幃、燈燭,皆莫知何處。已而到一小殿,殿前有兩花檻,已有數人先 至,皆立廷中。殿上垂簾,蠟燭十餘炬而已。相繼而至者凡七人,中使乃 奏班齊。唯記文忠、丁謂、杜鎬三人,其四人忘之。杜鎬時尚為館職。良 久,乘輿自宮中出,燈燭亦不過數十而已。宴具甚盛。捲簾,令不拜,升 殿就坐。御座設於席東,設文忠之坐於席西,如常人賓主之位。堯叟等皆 惶恐不敢就位,上宣喻不已,堯叟懇陳「自古未有君臣齊列之禮」,至於 再三。上作色曰:「本為天下太平,朝廷無事,思與卿等共樂之。若如此 ,何如就外朝開宴?今日只是宮中供辦,未嘗命有司,亦不召中書輔臣。 以卿等機密及文館職任侍臣無嫌,且欲促坐語笑,不須多辭。」堯叟等皆 趨下稱謝,上急止之曰:「此等禮數,且皆置之。」堯叟悚慄危坐,上語 笑極歡。灑五六行,膳具中各出兩絳囊,置群臣之前,皆大珠也。上曰: 「時和歲豐,中外康富,恨不得與卿等日夕相會。太平難遇,此物助卿等 燕集之費。」群臣欲起謝,上云:「且坐,更有。」如是灑三行,皆有所 賜,悉良金重寶。灑罷,已四鼓,時人謂之「天子請客」。文惠之子述古 得於文忠,頗能道其詳,此略記其一二耳。 關中無螃蟹。元豐中,余在 陝西,聞秦州人家收得一乾蟹。土人怖其形狀,以為怪物。每人家有病虐 者,則借去掛門戶上,往往遂差。不但人不識,鬼亦不識也。 丞相陳秀 公治第於潤州,極為閎壯,池館綿亙數百步。宅成,公已疾甚,唯肩輿一 登西樓而已。人謂之「三不得」:居不得,修不得,賣不得。 福建劇賊 廖恩,聚徒千餘人,剽掠市邑,殺害將吏,江浙為之搔然。後經赦宥,乃 率其徒首降,朝廷補恩右班殿直,赴三班院候差遣。時坐恩黜免者數十人 。一時在銓班敘錄其腳色,皆理私罪或公罪,獨恩腳色稱:「出身以來, 並無公私過犯。」 曹翰圍江州三年,城將陷,太宗嘉其盡節於所事,遣 使喻翰:「城下日,拒命之人盡赦之。」使人至獨木渡,大風數日,不可 濟。及風定而濟,則翰已屠江州無遺類,適一日矣。唐吏部尚書張嘉福奉 使河北,逆韋之亂,有敕處斬,尋遣使人赦之。使人馬上昏睡,遲行一驛 ,比至,已斬訖。與此相類,得非有命歟? 慶歷中,河北大水,仁宗憂 形於色。有走馬承受公事使臣到闕,即時召對,問:「河北水災何如?」 使臣對曰:「懷山襄陵。」又問:「百姓如何?」對曰:「如喪考妣。」 上默然。既退,即詔□門:「今後武臣上殿奏事,並須直說,不得過為文 飾。」至今□門有此條,遇有合奏事人,即預先告示。 予奉使按邊,始 為木圖,寫其山川道路。其初遍履山川,旋以面糊木屑寫其形勢於木屑上 。未幾寒凍,木悄不可為,又熔蠟為之。皆欲其輕,易繼故也。至官所, 則以木刻上之。上召輔臣同觀。乃詔邊州皆為木圖,藏於內府。 蜀中劇 賊李順,陷劍南、兩川,關右震動。朝廷以為憂。後王師破賊,梟李順, 收復兩川,書功行賞,子無間言。至景祐中,有人告李順尚在廣州,巡檢 使臣陳文璉捕得之,乃真李順也,年已七十餘。推驗明白,囚赴闕,覆按 皆實。朝廷以平蜀將士功賞已行,不欲暴其事。但斬順,賞文璉二官,仍 閣門祗候。文璉,泉州人,康定中老歸泉州,余尚識之。文璉家有《李順 案款》,本末甚詳。順本味江王小博之妻弟,始王小博反於蜀中,不能撫 其徒眾,乃推順為主。順初起,悉召鄉里富人大姓,令具其家所有財粟, 據其生齒足用之外,一切調發,大賑貧乏;錄用材能,存撫良善;號令嚴 明,所至一無所犯。時兩蜀大饑,旬日之間,歸之者數萬人,所向州縣, 開門延納,傳檄所至,無復完壘。及敗,人尚懷之。故順得脫去三十餘年 ,乃始就戮。 交趾乃漢、唐交州故地。五代離亂,吳文昌始據安南,稍 侵交、廣之地。其後文昌為丁璉所殺,復有其地。國朝開寶六年,璉初歸 附,授靜海軍節度使;八年,封交趾郡王。景德元年,土人黎桓殺璉自立 ;三年,桓死,安南大亂,久無酋長。其後國人共立閩人李公蘊為主。天 聖七年,公蘊死,子德政立。嘉祐六年,德政死,子日尊立。自公蘊據安 南,始為邊患,屢將兵入寇。至日尊,乃僭稱「法天應運崇仁至道慶成龍 祥英武睿文尊德聖神皇帝」,尊公蘊為「太祖神武皇帝」,國號大越。熙 寧元年,偽改元寶象;次年又改神武。日尊死,子乾德立,以宦人李尚吉 與其母黎氏號燕鸞太妃同主國事。熙寧八年,舉兵隱邕、欽、廉三州。九 年,遣宣徽使郭促通、天章閣待制趙公才討之,拔廣源州,擒酋領劉紀, 焚甲峒,破機郎、決裡,至富良江。尚吉遣王子洪真率眾來拒,大敗之, 斬洪真,眾殲於江上,乾德乃降。是時,乾德方十歲,事皆制於尚吉。廣 源州者,本邕州羈縻。天聖七年,首領儂存福歸附,補存福邕州衛職,轉 運使章頻罷遣之,不受其地,存福乃與其子智高東掠籠州,有之七源。存 福因其亂,殺其兄,率土人劉川,以七源州歸存福。慶歷八年,智高自領 廣源州,漸吞滅右江、田州一路蠻峒。皇祐元年,邕州人殿中丞昌協奏乞 招收智高,不報。廣源州孤立,無所歸。交趾覘其隙,襲取存福以歸。智 高據州不肯下,反欲圖交趾;不克,為交人所攻,智高出奔右江文村,具 金函表投邕州,乞歸朝廷;邕陳拱拒不納。明年,智高與其匹盧豹、黎貌 、黃仲卿、廖通等拔橫山寨入寇,陷邕州,入二廣。及智高敗走,盧豹等 收其余眾,歸劉紀,下廣河。至熙寧二年,豹等歸順。未幾,復叛從紀。 至大軍南征,郭帥遣別將燕達下廣源,乃始得紀,以廣源為順州。甲峒者 ,交趾大聚落,主者甲承貴,娶李公蘊之女,改姓甲氏。承貴之子紹泰, 又娶德政之女。其子景隆,娶日尊之女。世為婚姻,最為邊患。自天聖五 年,承貴破太平寨,殺寨主李緒。嘉祐一年,紹泰又殺永平寨主李德用, 屢侵邊境。至熙寧大舉,乃討平之,收隸機郎縣。 太祖朝,常戒禁兵之 衣,長不得過膝;買魚肉及酒入營門者,皆有罪。又制更戍之法,欲其習 山川勞苦,遠妻孥懷土之戀。兼外戍之日多,在營之日少,人人少子,而 衣食易足。又京師衛兵請糧者,營在城東者,即令赴城西倉;在城西者, 令赴城東倉;仍不許傭僦車腳,皆須自負。嘗親登右掖門觀之。蓋使之勞 力,制其驕惰。故士卒衣食無外慕,安辛苦而易使。 青堂羌本吐蕃別族 。唐末,蕃將尚恐熱作作亂,率眾歸中國,境內離散。國初,有胡僧立遵 者,乘亂挾其主籛逋之子唃廝囉,東據宗哥邈川城。唃廝囉人號瑕薩籛逋 者,胡言「贊普」也。唃廝,華言「佛」也;唃,華言「男」也。自稱佛 男,猶中國之稱天子也,立遵姓李氏,唃廝囉立,立遵與邈川首領溫音溫 反。逋相之,有漢隴西、南安、金城三郡之地,東西二千餘里。宗哥邈川 ,即所謂「三河間」也。祥符九年,立遵與唃廝囉引眾十萬寇邊,入古渭 州,知秦州曹瑋攻敗之,立遵歸乃死。唃廝囉妻李氏,立遵之女也,生二 子,曰瞎氈、磨氈角。立遵死,唃廝囉更取喬氏,生子董氈,取契丹之女 為婦。李氏失寵,去為尼;二子亦去其父,瞎氈居河州,磨氈角居邈川。 唃廝囉往來居青堂城。趙元昊叛命,以兵遮廝囉,遂與中國絕。屯田員外 郎劉渙獻議通唃廝囉,乃使渙出古渭州,循末邦山,至河州國門寺,絕河 ,逾廊州,至青堂,見唃廝囉,授以爵命,自此復通。磨氈角死,唃廝囉 復取邈川城,收磨氈角妻子,質於結羅城。唃廝囉死,子董氈立,朝廷復 授以爵命。瞎氈有子木征,木征者,華言「龍頭」也。以其唃廝囉嫡孫, 昆弟行最長,故謂之「龍頭」。羌人語倒,謂之「頭龍」。瞎氈死,青堂 首領瞎藥雞羅及胡僧鹿尊共立之,移居滔山。董氈之甥瞎征伏,羌蕃部李 鋮星子之也,與木征不協,其舅李篤氈挾瞎征居結古野反。河,瞎征數與 篤氈及沈千族首領常尹丹波合兵攻木征,木征去,居安鄉城。有巴斯溫者 ,唃氏族子,先居結羅城,其後稍強。董氈河南之城遂三分:巴欺溫、木 征居洮河澗,瞎征居結河,董氈獨有河北之地。熙寧五年秋,王子醇引兵 ,始出路骨山,撥香子城,平河州。又出馬蘭州,擒木征母弟結吳叱,破 洮州,木征之弟已氈角降。盡得河南熙、河、洮、岷、疊、宕六州之地, 自臨江寨至安鄉城,東西一千餘里,降蕃戶三十餘萬帳。明年,瞎木征降 ,置熙河路。 範文正常言:史稱諸葛亮能用度外人。用人者莫不欲盡天 下之才,常患近己之好惡而不自知也;能用度外人,然後能周大事。 元 豐中,夏戎之母梁氏遣將引兵卒,至保安軍順寧寨,圍之數重。時寨兵至 少,人心危懼。有倡姥李氏,得梁氏陰事甚詳,乃掀衣登陴,抗聲罵之, 盡發其私。虜人皆掩耳,並力射之,莫能中。李氏言愈丑,虜人度李終不 可得,恐具得罪,遂托以他事,中夜解去。雞鳴狗盜皆有所用,信有之。 宋宣獻博學,喜藏異書,皆手自校雔。常謂「校書如掃塵,一面掃,一面 生。故有一書每三四校,猶有脫繆」。 【卷二十六 藥議】 古方言「雲母粗服,則著人肝肺不可去」。如枇杷、狗脊毛不可食,皆云 「射入肝肺」。世俗似此之論甚多,皆謬說也。又言「人有水喉、食喉、 氣喉」者,亦謬說也。世傳《歐希范真五髒圖》,亦畫三喉,蓋當時驗之 不審耳。水與食同咽,豈能就口中遂分入二喉?人但有咽、有喉二者而已 。咽則納飲食,喉則通氣。咽則嚥入胃脘,次入胃中,又次入廣腸,又次 入大小腸;喉則下通五髒,為出入息。五髒之含氣呼吸,正如治家之鼓□ 。人之飲食藥餌,但自嚥入腸胃,何嘗能至五髒?凡人之肌骨、五髒、腸 胃雖各別,其入腸之物,英精之氣味,皆能洞達,但滓穢即入二腸。凡人 飲食及服藥既入腸,為真氣所蒸,英精之氣味,以至金石之精者,如細妍 硫黃、硃砂、乳石之類,凡能飛走融結者,皆隨真氣洞達肌骨,猶如天地 之氣,貫穿金石土木,曾無留礙。自餘頑石草木,則但氣味洞達耳。及其 勢盡,則滓穢傳入大腸,潤濕滲入小腸,此皆敗物,不復能變化,惟當退 洩耳。凡所謂某物入肝,某物入腎之類,但氣味到彼耳,凡質豈能至彼哉 ?此醫不可不知也。 余集《靈苑方》,論雞舌香以為丁香母,蓋出陳氏 《拾遺》。今細考之,尚未然。按《齊民要術》云:「雞舌香,世以其似 丁子,故一名丁子香。」即今丁香是也。《日華子》云:「雞舌香,治口 氣。」所以三省故事,郎官日含雞舌香,欲其奏事對答,其氣芬芳。此正 謂丁香治口氣,至今方書為然。又古方五香連翹湯用雞舌香,《千金》五 香連翹湯無雞舌香,卻有丁香,此最為明驗。《新補本草》又出丁香一條 ,蓋不曾深考也。今世所用雞舌香,乳香中得之,大如山茱萸,剉開,中 如柿核,略無氣味。以治疾,殊極乘謬。 舊說有「藥用一君、二臣、三 佐、五使」之說。其意以謂藥雖眾,主病者專在一物,其他則節級相為用 ,大略相統制,如此為宜,不必盡然也。所謂君者,主此一方者,固無定 物也。《藥性論》乃以眾藥之和厚者定以為君,其次為臣、為佐,有毒者 多為使,此謬說也。設若欲攻堅積,如巴豆輩,豈得不為君哉! 金罌子 止遺洩,取其溫且澀也。世之用金罌者,待其紅熟時,取汁熬膏用之,大 誤也。紅則味甘,熬膏則全斷澀味,都失本性。今當取半黃時采,干,搗 末用之。 湯、散、丸,各有所宜。古方用湯最多,用丸、散者殊少。煮 散古方無用者,唯近世人為之。本體欲達五髒四肢得莫如湯,欲留膈胃中 者莫如散,久而後散者莫如丸。又無毒者宜湯,小毒者宜散,大毒者須用 丸。又欲速者用湯,稍緩者用散,甚緩者用丸。此其大概也。近世用湯者 全少,應湯者皆用煮散。大率湯劑氣勢完壯,力與丸、散倍蓰。煮散者一 啜不過三五錢極矣,比功較力,豈敵湯勢?然湯既力大,則不宜有失消息 。用之全在良工,難可定論拘也。 古法采草藥多用二月、八月,此殊未 當。但二月草已芽,八月苗未枯,采掇者易辯識耳,在藥則未為良時。大 率用根者,若有宿根,須取無莖葉時采,則津澤皆歸其根。欲驗之,但取 蘆菔、地黃輩觀,無苗時采,則實而沉;有苗時采,則虛而浮。其無宿根 者,即候苗成而未有花時采,則根生已足而又未衰。如今之紫草,未花時 采,則根色鮮澤;花過而采,則根色黯惡,此其效也。用葉者取葉初長足 時,用芽者自從本說,用花者取花初敷時,用實者成實時采。皆不可限以 時月。緣土氣有早晚,天時有愆伏。如平地三月花者,深山中則四月花。 白樂天《游大林寺》詩云:「人間四月芳菲盡,山寺桃花始盛開。」蓋常 理也,此地勢高下之不同也。始筀竹筍,有二月生者,有三四月生者,有 五月方生者,謂之晚筀;稻有七月熟者,有八九月熟者,有十月熟者,謂 之晚稻。一物同一畦之間,自有早晚,此物性之不同也。嶺、嶠微草,凌 冬不凋,並、汾喬木,望秋先隕;諸越則桃李冬實,朔漠則桃李夏榮,此 地氣之不同。一畝之稼,則糞溉者先牙;一丘之禾,是後種者晚實,此人 力之不同也。豈可一切拘以定月哉! 《本草注》:「橘皮味苦,柚皮味 甘」。此誤也。柚皮極苦,不可向口,皮甘者乃橙耳。 按《月令》:「 冬至麋角解,夏至鹿角解」。陰陽相反如此。今人用麋、鹿茸作一種,殆 疏也。又的刺麋、鹿血以代茸,云「茸亦血耳」,此大誤也。竊詳古人之 意,凡含血之物,肉差易長,其次筋難長,最後骨難長。故人自胚胎至成 人,二十年骨髓方堅。唯麋角自生至堅,無兩月之久,大者乃重二十餘斤 ,其堅如石。計一晝夜須生數兩。凡骨之頓成生長,神速無甚於此。雖草 木至易生者,亦無能及之。此骨血之至強者,所以能補骨血,堅陽道,強 精髓也。頭者諸陽之會,眾陽之聚,上鐘於角,豈可與凡血為比哉!麋茸 利補陽,鹿茸利補陰。凡用茸,無樂大嫩。世謂之「茄子茸」,但珍其難 得耳,其實少力。堅者又太老。唯長數寸,破之肌如朽木,茸端如瑪瑙、 紅玉者,最善。又北方戎狄中有麋、麂、麈。駝鹿極大而色蒼,尻黃而無 斑,亦鹿之類。角大而有文,瑩瑩如玉,其茸亦可用。 枸杞,陝西極邊 生者,高丈餘,大可作柱,葉長數寸,無刺,根皮如厚樸,甘美異於他處 者。《千金翼》云:「甘州者為真,葉厚大者是。」大體出河西諸郡。其 次江池間圩埂上者。實圓如櫻桃,全少核。暴乾如餅,極膏潤有味。 「 淡竹」對「苦竹」為文。除苦竹外,悉謂之淡竹,不應別有一品謂之淡竹 。後人不曉,於《本草》內別疏淡竹為一物。今南人食筍有苦筍、淡筍兩 色,淡筍即淡竹也。 東方、南方所用細辛,皆杜衡也,又謂之馬蹄香也 :黃白,拳局而脆,乾則作團,非細辛也。細辛出華山,極細而直,深紫 色,味極辛,爵之習習如椒,其辛更甚於椒。故《本草》云:「細辛,水 漬令直。」是以杜衡偽為之也。襄、漢間又有一種細辛,極細而直,色黃 白,乃是鬼督郵,亦非細辛也。 《本草注》引《爾雅》云:「蘦,大苦 。」註:「甘草也。蔓延生,葉似荷,莖青赤。」此乃黃藥也,其味極苦 ,故謂之大苦,非甘草也。甘草枝葉悉如槐,高五六尺,但葉端微尖而糙 澀,似有白毛,實作角生,如相思角,四五角作一本生,熟則角坼。子如 小匾豆,極堅,齒嚙不破。 胡麻直是今油麻,更無他說,余已於《靈苑 方》論之。其角有六稜者,有八稜者。中國之麻,今謂之大麻是也。有實 為苴麻;無實為枲麻,又曰牡麻。張騫始自大宛得油麻之種,亦謂之麻, 故以「胡麻」別之,謂漢麻為「大麻」也。 赤箭,即今之天麻也。後人 既誤出天麻一條,遂指赤箭別為一物。既無此物,不得已又取天麻苗為之 ,滋為不然。《本草》明稱「采根陰乾」,安得以苗為之?草藥上品,除 五芝之外,赤箭為第一。此神仙補理、養生上藥。世人惑於天麻之說,遂 止用之治風,良可惜哉。或以謂其莖如箭,既言赤箭,疑當用莖,此尤不 然。至如鳶尾、牛膝之類,皆謂莖葉有所似,用則用根耳,何足疑哉! 地菘即天名精也。世人既不識天名精,又妄認地菘為火蘞;《本草》又出 鶴虱一條,都成紛亂。今按,地菘即天名精,蓋其葉似菘,又似名精,名 精即蔓精也。故有二名。鶴虱即其實也。世間有單服火蘞法,乃是服地菘 耳,不當用火蘞。火蘞,《本草》名稀蘞,即是豬膏苗。後人不識,亦重 複出之。 南燭草木,記傳、《本草》所說多端,多少有識者。為其作青 精飯,色黑,乃誤用烏柏為之,全非也。此木類也,又似草類,故謂之南 燭草木,今人謂之南天燭者是也。南人多植於延檻之間,莖如蒴藋,有節 ;高三四尺,廬山有盈丈者。葉微似楝而小。至秋則實赤如丹。南方至多 。 太陰玄精,生解州鹽澤大□中,溝渠土內得之。大者如杏葉,小者如 魚鱗,悉皆六角,端正如刻,正如龜甲。其裙襴小墮,其前則下剡,其後 則上剡,正如穿山甲相掩之處全是龜甲,更無異也。色綠而瑩徹;叩之則 直理而折,瑩明如鑒;折處亦六角,如柳葉。火燒過則悉解折,薄如柳葉 ,片片相離,白如霜雪,平治可愛。此乃稟積陰之氣凝結,故皆六角。今 天下所用玄精,乃絳州山中所出絳石耳,非玄精也。楚州鹽城古鹽倉下土 中,又有一物,六稜,如馬牙硝,清瑩如水晶,潤澤可愛,彼方亦各太陰 玄精,然喜暴潤,如鹽鹼之類。唯解州所出者為正。 稷乃今之穄也。齊 、晉之人謂即、積皆曰「祭」,乃其土音,乃無他義也。《本草注》云: 「又名穈子。」穈子乃黍屬。《大雅》:「維秬維秠,維穈維芑。」秬、 秠、穈、芑皆黍屬,以色別,丹黍謂之穈,音門。今河西人用穈字而音穈 。 苦耽即《本草》酸漿也。《新集本草》又重出苦耽一條。河西番界中 ,酸漿有盈丈者。 今之蘇合香,如堅木,赤色,又有蘇合油,如□膠, 今多用此為蘇合香。按劉夢得《傳信方》用蘇合香云:「皮薄,子如金色 ,按之即少,放之即起,良久不定如蟲動。氣烈者佳也。」如此則全非今 所用者,更當精考之。 薰陸即乳香也。本名薰陸,以其滴下如乳頭者, 謂之乳頭香;熔塌在地上者,謂之塌香。如臘茶之有滴乳、白乳之品,豈 可各是一物? 山豆根味極苦,《本草》言味甘者,大誤也。 蒿之類至多 。如表蒿一類,自有兩種:有黃色者,有青色者。《本草》謂之青蒿,亦 恐有別也。陝西綏、銀之間有青蒿,在蒿叢之間,時有一兩株,迥然青色 ,土人謂之香蒿,莖葉與常蒿悉同,但常蒿色綠,而此蒿色青翠,一如松 檜之色。至深秋,余蒿並黃,此蒿獨青,氣稍芬芳。恐古人所用,以此為 勝。 按,文蛤即吳人所食花蛤也,魁蛤即車螯也,海蛤今不識。其生時 但海岸泥沙中得之,大者如棋子,細者如油麻粒。黃、白或赤相雜,蓋非 一類。乃諸蛤之房,為海水礱礪光瑩,都非舊質。蛤之屬其類至多,房之 堅久瑩潔者,皆可用,不適指一物,故通謂之海蛤耳。 今方家所用漏蘆 ,乃飛廉也。飛廉一名漏蘆,苗似箬葉,根如牛蒡、綿頭者是也。采時用 根。今閩中所用漏蘆,莖如油麻,高六七寸,秋深枯黑如漆,采時用苗。 《本草》自有條,正謂之漏蘆。 《本草》所論赭魁,皆未詳審,今赭魁 南中極多,膚黑肌赤,似何首烏。切破,其中赤白理如檳榔。有汁赤如赭 ,南人以染皮製靴,閩、嶺人謂之餘糧。《本草》禹余糧注中所引,乃此 物也。 古龍芮今有兩種:水中生者葉光而末圓;陸生者葉毛而末銳。入 藥用生水者。陸生亦謂之天灸,取少葉揉系臂上,一夜作大泡如火燒者是 也。 麻子,海東來者最勝,大如蓮實,出屯羅島。其次上郡、北地所出 ,大如大豆,亦善。其余皆下材。用時去殼,其法取麻子帛包之,沸湯中 浸,候湯冷,乃取懸井中一夜,勿令著水。明日,日中暴干,就新瓦上輕 挼,其殼悉解。簸揚取肉,粒粒皆完。 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Meng Xi Bi Tan, Volume 22-26 [1031-1095 A.D.], by Kuo Shen *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MENG XI BI TAN, VOLUME 22-26 *** ***** This file should be named 7316-0.txt or 7316-0.zip ***** This and all 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